Английский язык. Учебное пособие

changes in the steel are now known all over the world as the "Chernov points". One of these points called by Chernov point a, is notable for the fact that steel heated below this point (about 700 C) cannot be hardened no matter how rapidly it is cooled. Another point, b, is characterized by the fact that as soon as the temperature of the steel reaches it (800 to 850 C), the steel rapidly passes from the coarse crystalline into the fine crystalline state, in which it possesses the best mechanical properties. If the temperature is raised still further, the metal crystals begin to increase again in size, and the higher the temperature, the more rapidly they grow.

The discovery of the critical points of steel was of very great importance for metallurgical theory and practice. Explaining the phenomena of tempering and hardening of steel and the structural changes taking place in steel when heated, it enabled accurate determination of the hardening temperatures and selection of favourable conditions of forging and other types of steel treatment, promoting improvement of its mechanical properties.

KONSTANTIN KONSTANTINOVICH KHRENOV

Konstantin Konstantinovich Khrenov was a Soviet engineer and inventor who in 1932 introduced underwater welding and cutting of metals.

Khrenov dedicated his entire career to the development of welding techniques and equipment. He invented methods of electric welding and cutting metals under water, designed power sources for arc and spot welding, ceramic fluxes, electrode coatings, methods of cold pressure welding, diffusion welding, plasma cutting and many others. His breakthrough achievement was development of the electrodes for underwater welding in 1932. Their successful test at the Black Sea in the same year was the first practical realization of underwater welding. In this method, the gas bubbles formed as a result of welding reactions were generating a stable flow which shielded the arc from water. Underwater welding had quickly found practical application and already in 1936-1938 was used in the lifting of the ship Boris sunk in the Black Sea, as well as in the repair of bridges and other ships, especially during World War II. For this method, extensively used by the Soviet Navy during World War II, Khrenov was awarded the State Stalin Prize in 1946.

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KEYS TO THE TESTS

UNIT 1 – 1c, 2b, 3a, 4c, 5b, 6a, 7c, 8c, 9a, 10a. UNIT 2 – 1c, 2a, 3c, 4b, 5c, 6b, 7c, 8a, 9c, 10a. UNIT 3 – 1a, 2b, 3a, 4c, 5b, 6c, 7b, 8c, 9a, 10c. UNIT 4 – 1c, 2a, 3b, 4c, 5a, 6b, 7c, 8b, 9a, 10b. UNIT 5 – 1b, 2c, 3c, 4a, 5b, 6a, 7c, 8b, 9a, 10c. UNIT 6 – 1a, 2a, 3b, 4a, 5b, 6c, 7a, 8c, 9c, 10b. UNIT 7 – 1b, 2a, 3b, 4c, 5c, 6a, 7b, 8c, 9a, 10b. UNIT 8 – 1c, 2b, 3c, 4a, 5a, 6b, 7c, 8a, 9a, 10b. UNIT 9 – 1b, 2a, 3a, 4c, 5b, 6c, 7a, 8b, 9c, 10a.

UNIT 10 – 1a, 2b, 3a, 4b, 5c, 6b, 7a, 8b, 9a, 10c.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.Biolos, Jim. Six Sigma Meets the Service Economy. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2002. American Society for Quality. www.asq.org, accessed February 15, 2004.

2.Garvin, David, and Artemis March. A Note on Quality: The Views of Deming, Juran, and Crosby. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1981.

3.Reichheld, Fredrick F., and W. Earl Sasser Jr., «Zero Deflections: Quality Comes to Services», Harvard Business Review (September–October 1990).

4.Stephanie Vierra, Assoc. AIA, LEED AP BD+C. Vierra Design & Education Services, LLC. Updated: 12-09-2016.

5.Wolkins, D. Otis. Total Quality: A Framework for Leadership. Management Leadership Series. New York: Productivity Press, 1995.

6.Ларева, А. Г. Иностранный язык. Введение в специальность на английском языке по направлению «Стандартизация и метрология»: метод. указания / А. Г. Ларева. – Ухта: УГТУ, 2012. – 44 с.

7.Скалабан В.Ф. Английский язык для студентов технических вузов [Электронный ресурс] : основной курс. Учебное пособие / В.Ф. Скалабан. — Электрон. текстовые данные. — Минск: Вышэйшая школа, 2009. — 368 c. — 978-985-06-1599-2. — Режим доступа: http://www.iprbookshop.ru/20053.html.

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