Английский язык. Учебное пособие

8. Read and translate the text 7B.

TEXT 7B

METROLOGICAL MUSEUM

The Metrological Museum of the D.I. Mendeleyev Institute for Metrology is one of the oldest scientific museums in Russia. Its exhibits are displayed in two buildings of the Institute.

The memorial study room of D.I. Mendeleyev and the gallery of portraits of outstanding scientists who made a brilliant contribution to metrology are located in the Main Building of VNIIM constructed by architect F.F. Beckman in 1879, and the sections: «D.I. Mendeleyev is the Founder of Scientific Metrology», «Russian System of Measures» and "Home Chemical Laboratory of Mendeleyev" are in the socalled «Red Building» constructed by A.I. Von-Gogen, 1897.

The first museum collection was formed in the thirties of the XIX-th century at the time when the Russian scientists worked on the establishment of a system of measures. Mr. E.F. Kankrin, Russian Minister of Finance, gathered a «Collection of Reference Measures of Main Foreign States» in order to compare them with the Russian measurement standards. It included measures from 27 countries and cities of the world: West-European pounds and feet, Chinese lyans, Egyptian rotles, a Norwegian monetary set of weights, a Turkish arshin called endase, a Swedish quarter, a Cassel semi-cubit, a French toise, American pints, gallons, etc.

The museum dispose of especially valuable collection of the first Russian standards and reference measures of mass, length and volume: a Kupfer iron sazhen, pounds of 1833 and 1834, T. Gigerson and G. Krause pails and cups, R. Gainam arshins furnishing visual demonstration of how the national measurement system legalized in 1835 and applied in Russia before the transition to the metric system looked like. A significant number of the museum exhibits relate to the metrological activities of the world-famous Russian scientist D.I. Mendeleyev, who headed the first research metrological establishment in Russia, which was the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures (called today "D.I. Mendeleyev Institute for Metrology") from 1892 to the end of his life. One can see here measurement standards that were used in the early 20th century, equipment of the scientific divisions set up by D.I. Mendeleyev, namely: Weighing Division, Comparator Division, Thermometry Division, Manometry Division, Astronomy Division, Electrical Division, Photometry Division, etc.

At the end of the 19-th century on the initiative of D.I.Mendeleyev the museum acquired old weights and measures from the Mint: reference balance manufactured at the Sestroretsk Munitions Factory in 1747, sets of weights produced in 1753 and

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1771, including measures in the range from one zolotnik to two pounds, and some other unique articles.

In the Museum you will also see a large collection of balances intended for different purposes, standard and commercial balances manufactured by well-known Russian masters (P. Raashe, I. Goryachev, I. Mantsevich) at the Factories «Gosmetr» and «Etalon», as well as those produced by leading world companies such as «Ertling», «Ruprecht», «Nemetz», «Veber, Dene @ Co». The museum exhibits sculptures and portraits of D.I. Mendeleyev by well-known Russian artists I.Ya. Gintsburg, M.B. Manizer, L.V. Sherwood, Olga and Nikolai Bruni.

A high level of metrology culture of Russia draws attention to its metrological exhibits not only of metrologists and historians of science, but also a much broader circle of people from all over the world.

The Metrological Museum:

–provides an educational base for pupils of secondary schools and students of higher educational establishments and faculties for training future specialists, whose educational program includes the fundamentals of metrology, standardization and certification;

–provides consulting on the history of the Russian system of measures, the history of the activities of outstanding metrologists and the history of the State Service of Weights and Measures;

–maintains contacts with the oldest scientists of the Institute and with relatives and descendants of the leading metrologists who render a significant assistance in replenishment, systematization and research of the scientists' personal files;

–organizes exhibitions dedicated to memorable events in the history of metrology and anniversaries of outstanding metrologists;

–prepares publications relating the history of metrology.

EXERCISES

9. Answer the following questions.

1.Where is the Metrological Museum of the D.I. Mendeleyev Institute for Metrology located?

2.When was the museum founded?

3.What are the most valuable exhibits?

4.What is the activity of the Metrological Museum?

5.Who constructed the Metrological Museum of the D.I. Mendeleyev Institute for Metrology?

10. Give derivatives of the following parts of speech. To advertise; famous a; face n; might n.

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11. Translate the sentences paying attention to the verb carry.

1. During the course of study students carry out practical work in wellequipped laboratories. 2. People are carried by airplanes, ships, trains and cars equipped with electronic devices. 3. Intensive work and research are being carried out on new robots in many countries. 4. A modern-computer carries out a few hundred thousand calculations in a few seconds. 5. Peter, help me to carry this heavy box, please.

12. Match the English word combinations with the Russian equivalents.

To be in general usage; electronically controlled; in other words; of a few square millimeters; commonly; the more..., the more; operation by operation; according to; advantage over; a thousand times faster.

Согласно; размером в несколько мм; с электронным управлением; чем больше..., тем больше; являться общеупотребительным; операция за операцией; обычно; в 1000 раз быстрее; другими словами; преимущество по сравнению.

13. Give antonyms to the following words.

Purpose, equipment, base, produce, assistance, personal, broad, display, wellknown, significant.

III.CONTROL TASK

14.Translate the text 7C into Russian.

15.Make up questions on the basis of the text.

16.Give a brief overview of the contents of the Text 7C using the following expressions:

The subject of the text is ...

The text deals with ...

It is pointed out that ...

It is obvious that ...

To sum it up ...

TEXT 7C

ISO STANDARDS AND WORLD ENVIROMENT DAY

ISO has published standards that are highly relevant to the theme of this year's World Environment Day on 5 June, which is promoted by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).

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ISO 14064 and ISO 14065 are among the latest in the ISO 14000 family of standards for environmental management of which the best-known standard, ISO 14001, celebrated its 10th anniversary in 2006. In just a decade, ISO 14001 has become the international benchmark for environmental management systems. It is implemented in 138 countries and thoroughly integrated with the global economy.

Other standards in the ISO 14000 family are practical tools to address issues such as environmental labeling, environmental performance, life cycle analysis and environmental communication. The ISO 14000 family thus constitutes a holistic approach that can be implemented in any type of organization in either public or private sector, in organizations large or small, in manufacturing or services.

The ISO 14000 standards are the most visible part of ISO's work for the environment. However, ISO has in fact a multi-faceted approach to the environment, comprising some 570 standards.

For example, it offers a wide-ranging portfolio of standardized sampling, testing and analytical methods for the monitoring of such aspects as the quality of air, water and soil. These standards are a means of providing business and government with scientifically valid data on the environmental effects of economic activity.

Other aspects of ISO’s environment-related standardization work include the following:

integrating environmental aspects in product design and development

treatment of waste

sustainability in building construction

quality of water supply and treatment services

energy efficiency and renewable sources, including nuclear and hydrogen,

and

new work on ship recycling.

17.Read and translate Text 7D.

18.Mark the main idea of the Text and give a brief overview of the content of the text 7D in English.

TEXT 7D

WHAT IS A CCM?

The Certified Construction Manager (CCM) is the «gold standard» in personnel credentials for the Construction Management profession. It is the only CM certification accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) under the International Organization for Standardization’s ISO-17024 standard.

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CCMs have voluntarily met the prescribed criteria of the CCM program with regards to formal education, field experience and demonstrated capability and understanding of the CM body of knowledge. CCMs are committed to excellence in Construction program/project management, career advancement and the pursuit of knowledge.

What does a CCM do?

CCMs provide a professional service: they apply effective management techniques to the planning, design, and construction of a project from inception to completion for the purpose of controlling time, cost and quality.

What's the point?

The purpose of the CCM is to improve delivery of the built environment by identifying the CMs who are best qualified by education and experience to deliver professional CM services at the highest level of quality and ethical conduct.

Why should I become a CCM?

The CCM is recognized by AEC professionals and Clients alike, as the official designation for professional CMs. Owners are more and more often asking for CCMs to be involved with their projects. A growing number of organizations have also adopted a «Culture of Certification,» in which it is assumed, enterprise-wide, that the best CMs will be Certified CMs, and the organization supports its professionals in pursuing the CCM and provides financial and other recognition for achieving this high distinction.

IV. TEST

19. Choose the right word and fill in the gaps.

1.ITU is the leading United Nations agency for information and communication technology _______.

a) questions b) issues

c) tasks

2.For more than 140 years, ITU has established the worldwide standards that foster seamless interconnection of a vast range of _______. systems.

a) communications b) TV

c) digital

3.ITU also organizes worldwide and regional _______ and forums.

a)classes

b)exhibitions

c)competitions

4. ITU continues to play a _______ role in helping the world communicate.

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a)minor

b)major

c)central

5.The IEC, headquartered in _______. a) Moscow

b) London c) Geneva

6.The IEC is world’s leading organization that prepares and publishes International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies – collectively known as _______.

a) electro technology b) electricity

c) telecommunication

7.ISO is a global network of national _______ institutes from 156 countries. a) rules

b) standards c) certificates

8.It has a current _______ of some 16 500 standards for business, government and society.

a) document

b) characteristics c) portfolio

9.ISO's standards make up a complete offering for all three _______ of sustainable development – economic, environmental and social.

a) dimensions b) systems

c) branches

10.ISO standards provide solutions and achieve benefits for almost all sectors of _______.

a) productivity b) activity

c) responsibility

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UNIT 8

I.VOCABULARY STUDY

1.Study the Vocabulary List. Be ready to discuss the words and the word combinations of the Vocabulary List. Use the following words and word combinations of the Vocabulary List in sentences of your own. Memorize the words and the word combinations of the Vocabulary List.

2.Find in the texts sentences including the words and the word combinations of the Vocabulary List. Translate the sentences into Russian.

VOCABULARY LIST

consensus – согласие

to take into account – принять во внимание vendors – продавцы

consumer groups – группы потребителей voluntary – добровольный

to satisfy – удовлетворять phase – стадия

to propose – предлагать to comprise – включать

to negotiate – вести переговоры approval – одобрение

phase – фаза development – развитие customer – покупатель

principle – принцип, закон, первопричина, основа agreement – соглашение

hazard – риск; рисковать

to fetch – приносить доход, выручать, принести, привести

II.TEXTS STUDY

3.Read and translate the text 8A.

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TEXT 8A

HOW ARE ISO STANDARDS DEVELOPED?

ISO standards are developed according to the following principles: - Consensus

The views of all interests are taken in to account: manufacturers, vendors and users, consumer groups, testing laboratories, governments, engineering professions and research organizations.

- Industry-wide

Global solutions are to satisfy industries and customers worldwide.

- Voluntary

International standardization is market-driven and therefore based on voluntary involvement of all interests in the market-place.

There are three main phases in the ISO standards development process.

The need for a standard is usually expressed by an industry sector, which communicates this need to a national member body. The latter proposes the new work item to ISO as a whole. Once the need for an International Standard has been recognized and formally agreed, the first phase involves definition of the technical scope of the future standard. This phase is usually carried out in working groups which comprise technical experts from countries interested in the subject matter.

Once agreement has been reached on which technical aspects are to be covered in the standard, a second phase is entered during which countries negotiate the detailed specifications within the standard. This is the consensus-building phase.

The final phase comprises the formal approval of the resulting draft International Standard (the acceptance criteria stipulate approval by two-thirds of the ISO members that have participated actively in the standards development process, and approval by 75 % of all members that vote), following which the agreed text is published as an ISO International Standard.

Most standards require periodic revision. Several factors combine to render a standard out of date: technological evolution, new methods and materials, new quality and safety requirements. To take account of these factors, ISO has established the general rule that all ISO standards should be reviewed at intervals of not more than five years. On occasion, it is necessary to revise a standard earlier.

EXERCISES

4. Answer the following questions.

1.What are the principles of ISO standards development?

2.Whose views are taken into account in developing standards?

3.What is International standardization based on?

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4.How many phases are there in the ISO standards development process?

5.What do the phases comprise?

6.What is the need for a standard usually expressed by?

7.Why is it necessary to revise a standard?

5. Translate the following word combinations into Russian.

Formal approval, periodic revision, new methods and materials, new quality, safety requirements, general rule, technical aspects, technical experts, industry sector.

6. Match the English words with the Russian equivalents.

7. Form the nouns from the following verbs using the –ment.

To develop, to approve, to require, to establish, to achieve, to improve, to manage, to acknowledge.

8. Read and translate the text 8B.

TEXT 8B

CERTIFICATION OF FOOD SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

A newly published document in the ISO 22000 series gives the requirements for the bodies that carry out auditing and certification of food safety management systems (FSMS).

The ISO 22000 family of International Standards addresses food safety management.

The consequences of unsafe food can be serious and ISO’s food safety management standards help organizations identify and control food safety hazards. As many of today's food products repeatedly cross national boundaries, International Standards are needed to ensure the safety of the global food supply chain.

ISO 22000 contains all essential elements for ensuring the safety of food in the entire chain. On the manufacturing side, a supporting standard ISO/TS 22002-1 is used as a guide to good practices. Food Safety Management System ISO 22000 can be easily integrated into quality management system ISO 9001 to create a consistent operating system. When both systems are certified by Inspecta, the audits can be combined to reach maximum synergy.

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ISO technical specification

ISO/TS 22003:2007 provides information, criteria and guidance for carrying out ISO 22000:2005 auditing and certification. It will therefore be useful for certification bodies, the accreditation bodies that approve them, suppliers wishing to have their FSMS certified, their customers and food sector regulators.

Certification to ISO 22000:2005, Food safety management systems – Requirements for any organization in the food chain, is not a requirement of that standard, which can be implemented solely for the benefits it provides. However, where certification is required by customers, or by regulators, or is judged desirable as a marketing differentiator, ISO/TS 22003:2007 will help to build confidence in such certification throughout the food supply chain.

ISO/TS 22003 is the latest document in the ISO series for food safety management systems, which harmonizes good food safety practice worldwide. It was launched in 2005 with ISO 22000, backed by an international consensus among experts from government and industry.

ISO/TS 22003:2007, Requirements for bodies providing audit and certification of food safety management systems, was developed by ISO technical committee ISO/TC 34, Food products, in collaboration with ISO/CASCO, Committee on conformity assessment

EXERCISES

9. Answer the following questions.

1.What is ISO 22000 standard?

2.What is a supporting standard ISO/TS 22002-1 used as a guide to good prac-

tices?

3.What does ISO/TS 22003:2007 standard provide?

4.What does ISO 22000 standard contain?

5.When was ISO/TS 22003 standard launched?

10. Discuss the statements given below using the following expressions in the written form.

1.It seems to me (that)... .

2.I would like to say that... .

3.As I see it... .

4.I think that... .

5.I guess... .

6.I suppose... .

7.I (strongly) believe that... .

8.I am (absolutely) sure that... .

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