Английский язык. Учебное пособие

TEXT 6A

USE OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS

The world’s leading international standards organizations have adopted a harmonized approach to address the inclusion of patented technology in standards. IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission), ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and ITU (International Telecommunication Union), under the banner of the World Standards Cooperation (WSC), have aligned their policies which allow for commercial entities to contribute the fruits of their research and development (R&D) activity safe in the knowledge that their intellectual property rights are respected.

In today’s commercial world, especially in information and communication technologies (ICT), there is significant investment in R&D activity. A solid patent policy provides crucial investment protection while also opening-up intellectual property resources for broad implementation across the industry.

ITU’s standards work is closely linked with innovation and new research. Today, it is difficult to develop technical standards without implicating patents. On the other hand, it is necessary to take into account the interests of end-users. Therefore a balance must be found. This policy will encourage industry to share its intellectual property with implementers of standards on a reasonable basis knowing that their interests will be protected.

The fine-tuning of ISO’s policy is to achieve exactly the right balance – ownership versus sharing of intellectual property – is no small achievement. International Standards are used to successfully disseminate innovation, with a clear set of guidelines regarding the disclosure of and commitment to license the use of patented technologies. It is an excellent example of the co-operation between the three WSC partners.

International standards developed by ISO, ITU and IEC provide a practical solution to many of the challenges faced by business in today’s increasingly global markets. Industry has been seeking a common approach to patents from the world’s leading standards developers. The increased collaboration between the World Standards Cooperation partners has led to the development of this common policy which will ultimately benefit end-users and industry.

The policy adopted by the three organizations strongly encourages the disclosure of patented technology which is necessary for the implementation of a standard before the standardization process has been completed. It allows for companies’ innovative technologies to be included in standards as long as such intellectual property is made available under reasonable and non-discriminatory terms and conditions. In addition, IEC, ISO and ITU have jointly adopted Guidelines for the Implementation of the Common Patent Policy and a Patent Statement and License Declaration Form.

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Each of the three WSC organizations also has an online patent database to facilitate the work of the standards developers and to assist companies wishing to implement international standards/recommendations that include patented technologies.

EXERCISES

4. Answer the following questions.

1.What have the leading international standards certification adopted?

2.In what kind of activity can significant investment be found?

3.What is ITU’s standards work closely linked with?

4.What do ISO, ITU and IEC standards provide?

5.What can you say about patent police in the standardization process?

5.Give the abbreviation expansion of the following.

ITS, ITU, ISO, RLD, IES.

6.Translate the following into Russian. Use the following word combinations in your sentences.

International standards; commercial world; global markets; intellectual resources; broad implementation; harmonized approach; patented technologies; standardization process; innovative technology.

7.Give antonyms to the following words.

Clear, difficult, excellent, today, right, bread, to protect, close.

8. Read and translate the text 6B.

TEXT 6B

MERIDIONAL DEFINITION

The meter (or metre), symbol m, is the base unit of length in the International System of Units (SI). Originally intended to be one ten-millionth of the distance from the Earth's equator to the North Pole (at sea level), its definition has been periodically refined to reflect growing knowledge of metrology. Since 1983, it is defined as the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum in a second.

The first recorded proposal for a decimal-based unit of length was the universal measure unit proposed by the English philosopher John Wilkins in 1668. In 1675 the Italian scientist Tito Livio Burattini, in his work Misura Universale, used the words (lit. "catholic [i.e. universal] metre"), which was derived from the Greek (métron

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katholikón), "a universal measure". This word gave rise to the French mètre which in 1797 was introduced into the English language.

In 1668 Wilkins proposed using Christopher Wren's suggestion of a pendulum with a half-period of one second to measure a standard length that Christian Huygens had observed to be 38 Rhineland or 39¼ English inches (997 mm) in length.

In the 18th century, there were two favoured approaches to the definition of the standard unit of length. One approach followed Wilkins in defining the metre as the length of a pendulum with a half-period of one second, a 'seconds pendulum'. The other approach suggested defining the metre as one ten-millionth of the length of the Earth's meridian along a quadrant, that is the distance from the equator to the North Pole. In 1791, the French Academy of Sciences selected the meridional definition over the pendular definition because the force of gravity varies slightly over the surface of the Earth, which affects the period of a pendulum.

In order to establish a universally accepted foundation for the definition of the metre, measurements of this meridian more accurate than those available at that time were imperative. The French Academy of Sciences commissioned an expedition led by Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre and Pierre Méchain, lasting from 1792 to 1799, which measured the distance between the Dunkerque belfry and Montjuïc castle,

Barcelona to estimate the length of the meridian arc through Dunkerque (assumed to be the same length as the Paris meridian). This portion of the meridian was to serve as the basis for the length of the half meridian, connecting the North Pole with the equator. The exact shape of the Earth is not a simple mathematical shape (sphere or ellipse) at the level of precision required for defining a standard of length. The irregular and particular shape of the Earth (smoothed to sea level) is called a Geoid, which means "Earth-shaped".

However, in 1793, France adopted as its official unit of length a metre based on provisional results from the expedition. Although it was later determined that the first prototype metre bar was short by a fifth of a millimeter because of miscalculation of the flattening of the Earth, this length became the standard. The circumference of the Earth through the poles is therefore slightly more than forty million meters.

EXERCISES

9. Answer the following questions.

1)What is a meter?

2)Who suggested the idea of the length unit?

3)What is the origin of the word meter?

4)How was the length unit worked out?

5)What was the measurement error?

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10. Discuss the statements given below using the following expressions in the written form.

1.It seems to me (that)...

2.I would like to say that...

3.As I see it...

4.I think that...

5.I guess...

6.I suppose...

7.I (strongly) believe that...

8.I am (absolutely) sure that...

Statement A: The first recorded proposal for a decimal-based unit of length was the universal measure unit proposed by the English philosopher John Wilkins in 1668. In 1675 the Italian scientist Tito Livio Burattini, in his work Misura Universale, used the words (lit. "catholic [i.e. universal] metre"), which was derived from the Greek (métron katholikón), "a universal measure".

Statement B: The circumference of the Earth through the poles is therefore slightly more than forty million meters.

11.Denote the first word in the alphabetic order in the pair of the following words.

Concept/concert; complete/compare; invention/invasion; available/availability; commonly/commonness; commune/commit; compulsory/compunction.

12.Give derivatives of the following words.

Boxes, matches, beginning, tinier, owned, boundaries, possibly, replacing, less.

13. Define the meaning of the italicized words. Translate into Russian.

1. This means that; this means; it means; new means; this means is. 2. This increase is; this increases; it increases; nothing increases; its increase. 3. These results; this results in; both results; this result; both result in; it results from.

III.CONTROL TASK

14.Translate the text 6C into Russian.

15.Make up questions on the basis of the text.

16.Give a brief overview of the contents of the Text 6C using the following expressions:

The subject of the text is...

The text deals with...

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It is pointed out that ...

It is obvious that ...

To sum it up ...

TEXT 6C

STANDARDIZATION

Standardization methodologies are set forth in the ISO 9000 series and Van Aken, among others. Standardization implies conformance to an established norm or procedure. When we standardize a work process, the purpose is to reduce variation in the output or product of that process.

The standardization mindset, or mental model, is oriented toward establishing regularity and sameness. The desired result is to «make life simpler», by establishing specifications and procedures that can be applied consistently over time to reduce waste and increase reliability/usability.

An example of standardization can most likely be found in your wallet or purse. The format of credit cards and phone cards has been developed from an ISO International Standard. This standard prescribes features such as card thickness and means that these cards can be used worldwide.

Another example of standardization is the screws and bolts that hold together everything from chairs to aircraft. The diversity of screw threads used to pose significant challenges, particularly with respect to maintenance, since lost or damaged nuts and bolts could not be replaced easily. The solution to this dilemma was created by the IOS standards for metric screw threads.

17.Read and translate Text 6D.

18.Mark the main idea of the Text and give a brief overview of the content of the text 6D in English.

TEXT 6D

GREEN BUILDING RATING AND CERTIFICATION SYSTEMS (PART II)

Green building rating systems exist to address every project type from singlefamily houses and commercial buildings to entire neighborhoods. There are rating systems available for new construction, which focus on decisions made in the planning and design process and actions taken through construction, as well as for existing buildings, which focus on operations and maintenance throughout the life of the building. A primary reason for the creation of rating systems is the need to more

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clearly define, implement, and measure green. Federal, state, and municipal agencies across the country such as the General Services Administration (GSA), Department of Energy, Department of Health and Human Services, and the Environmental Protection Agency, have taken an early lead in incorporating energy efficiency and sustainability by following green building guidelines in the design, construction, and renovation of Federal facilities. Most states and many major cities have also incorporated green into their internal building requirements for new construction.

To determine which standard, certification, or rating system should be used, ask the following:

Who the organization is that is making the assessment?

Is it being done by a first-party, second-party, or third-party?

A first-party assessment is one that comes directly from an organization that is associated with the entity making the claim or who may benefit from the claim. A second-party assessment is performed by an interested party such as a trade association. A third-party assessment is conducted by an independent party that has no financial interest or ties to the outcome of the assessment.

According to RS means there are four principles that should be considered when evaluating a building rating or certification system:

Science-based – Results and decisions must be reproducible by others using the same standard.

Transparent – Standards and process for awarding the certification should be transparent and open for examination.

Objective – Certification body should be free of conflict.

Progressive – Standards should advance industry practices, not simply reward business as usual.

IV. TEST

19. Choose the right word and fill in the gaps.

1.In today’s commercial world, especially in information and communication

________ (ICT), there is significant investment in R&D activity. a) teaching

b) training

c) technologies

2.A solid patent ________ provides crucial investment protection while also opening-up intellectual property resources for broad implementation across the industry.

a) policy b) world

c) economics

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3.ITU’s standards work is closely linked with innovation and ________ re-

search.

a) advanced b) new

c) old

4.Today, it is difficult to develop technical standards without implicating

________.

a) patents

b) application c) certificate

5.It is necessary to take into account the ________ of end-users.

a)wish

b)interests

c)habit

6.International Standards are used to ________ disseminate innovation. a) fortunately

b) unfortunately c) successfully

7.International standards developed by ISO, ITU and IEC provide a practical solution to many of the challenges faced by business in today’s increasingly global

________.

a) markets b) society c) shops

8.The increased collaboration ________ the World Standards Cooperation partners has led to the development of the common policy which will ultimately benefit end-users and industry.

a) among b) along c) between

9.The policy adopted by the three organizations strongly encourages the disclosure of ________ technology which is necessary for the implementation of a standard before the standardization process has been completed.

a) adopted b) known c) patented

10.IEC, ISO and ITU have ________ adopted Guidelines for the Implementation of the Common Patent Policy and a Patent Statement and License Declaration Form.

a) widely b) jointly c) precisely

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UNIT 7

I.VOCABULARY STUDY

1.Study the Vocabulary List. Be ready to discuss the words and the word combinations of the Vocabulary List. Use the following words and word combinations of the Vocabulary List in sentences of your own. Memorize the words and the word combinations of the Vocabulary List.

2.Find in the texts sentences including the words and the word combinations of the Vocabulary List. Translate the sentences into Russian.

VOCABULARY LIST

issue – проблема; выпуск local – местный

to promote – продвигать to assign – назначать

to improve – улучшить exhibitions – выставки

in particular – в особенности wireless – радио; беспроволочный aeronautical – аэронавигационный maritime – морской

satellite – спутник phase – стадия matter – дело; вопрос

to render – воздавать; воспроизводить evolution – развитие

on occasion – по случаю as a whole – в целом activity – деятельность

approach – подход, приближение to assess – оценивать, давать оценку

authority – власть, органы власти, отдел commonality – общность

constant – постоянная, константа

to derive - получать, извлекать, устанавливать происхождение to designate – предназначать, называть

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to encompass – выполнять, осуществлять inferior – подчинённый, второстепенный in order to – для того чтобы

to maintain – поддерживать, обслуживать, содержать в исправности precursor – предшественник

to promulgate – опубликовать, обнародовать, пропагандировать to pursue – следовать намеченным курсом, преследовать

to reconcile – примирить, урегулировать to resemble – походить, иметь сходство

responsible – ответственный, подотчётный, надёжный superior – лучший, более совершенный, исключительный

II.TEXTS STUDY

3.Read and translate the text 7A.

TEXT 7A

ITU, IEC, ISO ABOUT INTERNATIONAL

TELECOMMUNICATION UNION (ITU)

ITU is the leading United Nations agency for information and communication technology issues, and the global focal point for governments and the private sector in developing networks and services. For more than 140 years, ITU has coordinated the shared global use of the radio spectrum, promoted international cooperation in assigning satellite orbits, worked to improve telecommunication infrastructure in the developing world, and established the worldwide standards that foster seamless interconnection of a vast range of communications systems.

ITU also organizes worldwide and regional exhibitions and forums bringing together the most influential representatives of government and the telecommunications industry to exchange ideas, knowledge and technology for the benefit of the global community, and in particular the developing world.

From broadband internet to latest-generation wireless technologies, from aeronautical and maritime navigation to radio astronomy and satellite-based meteorology, from phone and fax services to TV broadcasting and next-generation networks, ITU continues to play a central role in helping the world communicate.

About International Electro technical Commission (IEC)

The IEC, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, is the world’s leading organization that prepares and publishes International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies – collectively known as «electro technology». IEC standards cover a vast range of technologies from power generation, transmission and distribu-

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tion to home appliances and office equipment, semiconductors, fiber optics, batteries, flat panel displays and solar energy, to mention just a few. Wherever you find electricity and electronics, you find the IEC supporting safety and performance, the environment, electrical energy efficiency and renewable energies.

About International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

ISO is a global network of national standards institutes from 156 countries. It has a current portfolio of some 16 500 standards for business, government and society. ISO's standards make up a complete offering for all three dimensions of sustainable development – economic, environmental and social. ISO standards provide solutions and achieve benefits for almost all sectors of activity, including agriculture, construction, mechanical engineering, manufacturing, distribution, transport, medical devices, information and communication technologies, the environment, energy, quality management, conformity assessment and services.

EXERCISES

4. Answer the following questions.

1.What has ITU done for more than 140 years?

2.What are the functions of ITU nowadays?

3.What is IEC?

4.Where is IEC situated?

5.What role does IEC play in the world?

6.What is ISO?

7.What do ISO standards provide?

5. Give synonyms to the following words.

Influence, problems, broad, vast, a few, village, progress, impact, to equip, device, instrument, a little, country, advance, to fit, issue.

6. Give antonyms to the following words.

Dependent, independent, to share, the latest, high, to link, broad, new, low, the earliest, narrow, old.

7. Make up sentences from the following words.

1.Agency, is, United, ITU, nations, leading, the.

2.Worldwide, forums, and, exhibitions, regional, ITU, organizes, also, and.

3.IEC, in, headquarter, Geneva, is.

4.A, global, ISO, is, of, network, national, institution, standards.

5.Standards, solutions, ISO, provide, and, benefits, achieve.

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