Английский язык. Учебное пособие

UNIT 5

I.VOCABULARY STUDY

1.Study the Vocabulary List. Be ready to discuss the words and the word combinations of the Vocabulary List. Use the following words and word combinations of the Vocabulary List in sentences of your own. Memorize the words and the word combinations of the Vocabulary List.

2.Find in the texts sentences including the words and the word combinations of the Vocabulary List. Translate the sentences into Russian.

VOCABULARY LIST

to enhance – увеличивать society – общество competence – компетентность thorough – полный experience – опыт

application – заявление; применение appropriate – соответствующий peer – ровня; пэр

to employ – нанимать (на работу); применять to attain – достигать

advancement – продвижение

to identify – определять; выделять achievement – достижение

to determine – определять

to be valid – иметь силу; быть действительным to abide – соблюдать; придерживаться evidence – свидетельство (очевидность) credential – рекомендация; мандат

criterion – критерий

incentive – стимул; побудительный means – средства

aesthetics – эстетика

acre – акр (= 4 047 м²); владение, поместье, земли approximate – примерный; приблизительно равняться

commensurable – делимый без остатка, соизмеримый, пропорциональный compulsion – принуждение, насилие

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customary – основанный на обычном праве, привычный to distaste – питать отвращение, неприязнь

to downsize – уменьшать габариты и массу, сокращать

gauge – мера, масштаб, размер, калибр, эталон, шаблон, ширина колеи hectare – гектар (=10 000 м²)

inch – дюйм (2,54 см); небольшое расстояние nut – гайка, муфта

obsolete – вышедший из употребления, старомодный, исчезающий ounce – унция (=28,35 грамма)

pint – пинта (пива, эля: в Англии = 0,57л; В США = 0,47л) profiteering – спекуляция, нажива

retail – розничный scales – весы

specimen – образец, образчик, экземпляр support – поддержка, опора

thread – резьба, нарезка

vehicle – транспортное средство

II.TEXTS STUDY

3.Read and translate the text 5A.

TEXT 5A

CERTIFICATION

As part of its mission to enhance knowledge of standards and standardization, the Standards Engineering Society (SES) has established a certification program to recognize persons who have demonstrated a high degree of professional competence in different areas of standards.

SES offers two levels of certification:

(1)"AStd" is an entry level that demonstrates a fundamental knowledge of standards and application, and

(2)"CStd" is a standards professional certification that demonstrates a thorough, more sophistication knowledge of the principles, techniques and effects of standardization and recognizes a person’s experience, expertise and contributions in the area of standards. The "CStd" level offers four specific interest categories: standards development, standards application, standards management, and standards information.

A person may be certified in either one of these categories and is entitled to use the AStd or CStd designation as appropriate in personnel records, resumes, letter-

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heads, business cards, etc. to signify peer recognition of professional competence in the field of standards and standardization.

SES certification benefits include:

Evidence to employers that the individual has attained competence in the standards. Profession;

A credential for use in seeking position or advancement;

A criterion for employers to use for selection and advancement in standardization;

Incentive for professional self-development;

A means to increase and enhance acceptance of the standards profession.

The first step to certification is the application form that identifies who you are and which of the two levels you wish to become certified. You also must agree to abide by the SES Code of Ethics.

The second step is completing and submitting the Personal Data Form. This form documents your education, achievements, and experience in the standards business. There are minimum points required and the form lets you determine where your strengths and weaknesses are and provides a measure of your readiness for taking the certification exam.

The third step is successful completion of the certification examination.

A fourth step, exclusive to the CStd certification, is a paper on standards or standardization.

Once you have successfully completed all of the requirements, the certification is valid for five years.

EXERCISES

4.Answer the following questions.

1.What is SES?

2.What has SES established?

3.How many levels does SES offer?

4.How may the person be certified?

5.What do SES certification benefits include?

6.How many steps ate there to certification?

7.What time is the certification valid for?

5. Put the words in the right order to make sentences.

1.SES, of, levels, offers, certification, two.

2.The personal Data form, the second step, is, submitting, and, completing.

3.Is, five, the certification, valid for, years.

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7.Complete the following sentences using information from the text.

1.The first step to certification is… .

2.The second step is… .

3.The third step is… .

4.The fourth step is… .

5.In the result … .

8.Read and translate the text 5B.

TEXT 5B

DIFFERENT VALUES IN DIFFERENT PLACES

The spread of metrication around the world in the last two centuries has been met with both support and opposition. All countries except Burma (Myanmar), Liberia, and the United States of America have officially adopted the metric system, although actual usage may be more complex. Only the United States continues to see significant popular opposition to metrication, the main objections being based in localism, tradition, cultural aesthetics, economic impact, or distaste for measures viewed as "foreign". Japan had significant popular opposition at one time for similar reasons. Popular opposition in the United Kingdom exists to a lesser degree and can be associated with anti-European Union sentiment. France, where the measures were largely invented, saw popular opposition during the early 19th century, though not for long. Thus, with the exception of the United States, metrication is now fully or substantially accepted in nearly all countries.

One argument used by opponents of the metric system is that traditional systems of measurement were developed organically from actual use. Early measures revolution. With the advances in the sciences, the comparison of experiment to theory required a rational system of units, and something more closely resembling modern metrology began to come into being. The discovery of atom, electricity, thermodynamics, and other fundamental scientific principles could be applied to standards of measurement, and many inventions made it easier to quantitatively or qualitatively

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assess physical properties, using the defined units of measurement established by science.

Metrology was thus one of the precursors to the Industrial Revolution, and was necessary for the implementation of mass production, equipment commonality, and assembly lines.

Modern metrology has its roots in the French Revolution, with the political motivation to harmonize units all over France and the concept of establishing units of measurement based on constants of nature, and thus making measurement units available "for all people, for all time". In this case deriving a unit of length from the dimensions of the Earth, and a unit of mass from a cube of water. The result was platinum standards for the meter and the kilogram established as the basis of the metric system on June 22, 1799. This further led to the creation of the Système International d'Unités, or the International System of Units. This system has gained unprecedented worldwide acceptance as definitions and standards of modern measurement units. Though not the official system of units of all nations, the definitions and specifications of SI are globally accepted and recognized. The SI is maintained under the auspices of the Metre Convention and its institutions, the General Conference on Weights and Measures, or CGPM, its executive branch the International Committee for Weights and Measures, or CIPM, and its technical institution the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, or BIPM.

As the authorities on SI, these organizations establish and promulgate the SI, with the ambition to be able to service all. This includes introducing new units, such as the relatively new unit, the mole, to encompass metrology in chemistry. These units are then established and maintained through various agencies in each country, and establish a hierarchy of measurement standards that can be traced back to the established standard unit, a concept known as metrological traceability.

The development of standards also does involve individual and small group achievements. In 1893, Edward Weston (chemist) and his company perfected his Saturated Standard Cell design, which allowed the volt to be reproduced to 1 part in ten to the fourth power directly. This advance made a huge practical difference at a critical moment in the development of modern electrical devices. Groupings of saturated cells, called banks, can still be found in some metrology and calibration laboratories today. Edward Weston did not pursue patents for his cell design. By doing this, his superior design quickly replaced similar but inferior patented devices worldwide without much discussion.

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EXERCISES

9. Find the wrong statements and correct them.

a)true

b)false

c)there is no information in the text

1)The European Union is responsible for compulsory metrication.

2)In the US there is also government compulsion with weight and measures.

3)There are still a great number of countries that oppose metrification.

4)According to the British Weights and Measures Society some metric units are too small for measurement in everyday life.

5)A lot of traditional units are mentioned in colloquial English expressions.

10.Answer the question given below and discuss the answer.

How were traditional measures developed? a) artificially

b) on the basis of rationality and commensurability c) by holding a contest

d) by means of a science

11.Give derivatives of the following words.

Development, conveniently, communication, production, continuous, beginning, transmitter, action, recorder, electronic, simultaneously, different, usable, central, calculator, possibility, disconnect.

12. Define the antonyms and the synonyms.

Tiny – small; to disappear – to appear; a lot of – many; different –various; next – following; short – long; to watch – to see; program – show; commonly – usually; less – more; possible – impossible; true – untrue; small – large; nowadays – at present, now; large – tremendous; advance – progress; to start – to begin; major – main; to report – to announce; to occur – to take place; convenient – suitable.

13. Put the following words in the alphabetic order.

True, picture, telephone, communication, development, unit; World, research, assembly, invention, patent, standard; Own, beginning, telegraph, central, measurement, individual; Satellite, first, artificial, convenient, , small, involve, group;

Turn, videotape, transmit, size, metrology, root, achievement.

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III.CONTROL TASK

14.Translate the text 5C into Russian.

15.Make up questions on the basis of the text.

16.Give a brief overview of the contents of the Text 5C using the following expressions:

The subject of the text is ...

The text deals with ...

It is pointed out that ...

It is obvious that ...

To sum it up ...

TEXT 5C

GENERAL SYSTEMS COMPANY, INC.

«The Global Leader In Management and Quality» – Providing Senior Management Consultation and Implementing Proprietary Management Operating Systems that Accelerate the Competitive business Strengths of Leading Manufacturing and Services Companies Worldwide.

General Systems Company (GSC) has been helping major businesses worldwide for over 30 years to attain leadership in growth, profitability, and customer satisfaction. Now GSC is defining the new rulebook for innovation in 21st century management and quality. The Power of Management Capital TM is driving productivity and profitability growth in today’s marketplace. Meanwhile, Total Quality leadership is introducing systemic programs to achieve quality excellence. This newest management/quality partnership is a groundbreaking concept for top management involvement and corporate governance that has been demonstrated by the pacesetter companies that are locked in the struggle for winning the fiercely competitive markets of the new millennium.

GSC offers expertise, experience, and cutting edge technology that has spanned across 24 major product and service industries. GSC’s proprietary management operating systems selectively employ state of the art management and quality techniques, such as six sigma, lean management, supply chain management, just-in-time, customer value, process capability management, and the basic statistical quality control disciplines where they are most needed. This structured approach to total quality management has characterized GSC’s success in helping leading manufacturing and services companies worldwide to accelerate their competitive business strengths in closing the gap and attainment of world class results.

17. Read and translate Text 5D.

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18. Mark the main idea of the Text and give a brief overview of the content of the text 5D in English.

TEXT 5D

GREEN BUILDING RATING AND CERTIFICATION SYSTEMS (PART I)

Both standards and product certifications will play a role in determining the level of sustainability or performance of a product. However, each must be considered as part of a larger process of integrating them into the overall project goals to ensure the entire project is sustainable.

Green building rating or certification systems broaden the focus beyond the product to consider the project as a whole. Rating systems are a type of building certification system that rates or rewards relative levels of compliance or performance with specific environmental goals and requirements. Rating systems and certification systems are frequently used interchangeably.

Green building rating and certification systems require an integrated design process to create projects that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. A few of these programs are singleattribute, focusing solely on water or energy, while others are multi-attribute addressing emissions, toxicity, and overall environmental performance in addition to water and energy. While the philosophy, approach, and certification method vary across these the systems, a common objective is that projects awarded or certified within these programs are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment.

IV. TEST

19. Choose the right word and fill in the gaps.

1.The Standards Engineering ______ (SES) has established a certification program to recognize persons who have demonstrated a high degree of professional competence in different areas of standards.

a) Organization b) Society c)Union

2.SES offers two levels of ______.

a) standards

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b)marking

c)certification

3."AStd" is an entry level that demonstrates a ______ knowledge of standards and application.

a) upper-intermediate b) intermediate

c) fundamental

4.The "CStd" ______ offers four specific interest categories.

a)level

b)stage

c)part

5."CStd" is a standards professional certification that demonstrates a thorough, more sophistication ______ of the principles, techniques and effects of standardization.

a) habit

b) knowledge c) power

6.A person may be certified in ______ one of these categories and is entitled to use the AStd or CStd designation.

a) either b) all

c) neither

7.SES certification benefits include a means to increase and enhance acceptance of the standards ______.

a) specialty b) study

c) profession

8.The first step to certification is the application form that identifies ______

you are and which of the two levels you wish to become certified. a) why

b) who c) what

9.The second ______ is completing and submitting the Personal Data Form.

a)step

b)level

c)point

10. The certification is valid for ______ years.

a)there

b)four

c)five

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UNIT 6

I.VOCABULARY STUDY

1.Study the Vocabulary List. Be ready to discuss the words and the word combinations of the Vocabulary List. Use the following words and word combinations of the Vocabulary List in sentences of your own. Memorize the words and the word combinations of the Vocabulary List.

2.Find in the texts sentences including the words and the word combinations of the Vocabulary List. Translate the sentences into Russian.

VOCABULARY LIST

to adopt – принимать

patented technology – патентованная технология banner – знамя

entity – юридическое лицо

investment – капиталовложение; инвестиция solid – твердый

crucial – критический resources – ресурсы implementation – выполнение to encourage – поощрять

to share – разделять versus – против

to regard – расценивать to seek – искать

ultimately – в конечном счете discourse – беседа; рассуждение

to facilitate – содействовать; облегчать to assist – помогать

II.TEXTS STUDY

3.Read and translate the text 6A.

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