156770

136________________________,________________________Unit

5

3.What are iron ores used for?

4.What is the KMA rich in?

45. Найдите в тексте информацию по следующим вопросам:

46. Определите, какой из трех заголовков наиболее соответствует содержанию текста В:

1.Mineral Deposits.

2.The Composition of Minerals.

3.Iron Ores of Importance to Man.

47.Расскажите, какая информация из текста В была для вас новой. Отметьте, какие факты вам были уже известны.

48.Переведите текст со словарем:

NewDiscoveries about the "Blue Planet"

Specialists from many ground services have assessed the practical use of observations from outer space. The most effective use of the data obtained was made in the field of geology.

A look from outer space identified fundamentally new geological objects which had not been previously studied or mapped. The satellites helped establish the location of abyssal fractures stretching over hundreds and thousands of kilometres and cutting across the whole systems of folds, platforms and the ocean bed. They penetrate deep into the Earth and often act as supply canals of fusions and mineral-enriched solutions. About 20 such abyssal fractures have been identified on the territory of Russia. Successful development of space research makes it possible to survey the Earth's resources from space by satellites. Besides, the surveys by satellites give us information on other parts of the solar system. This has given rise to a new science of "geology of planets" called astrogeology. All this has greatly expanded the viewpoint of the geologist. At the present time geology, astronomy, meteorology, oceanography and geophysics are coming closer together and scientists believe that such combination of sciences must be used together to study the whole Earth.

UHIT6 Sources of Energy

B. Текст В.

Дискуссия. Энергия и жизнь.

А

ГРАММАТИКА

ГерундийThe( G erund)

Герундий — это особая неличная форма глагола, сочетающая в себе свойства существительного и глагола. Герундий называет действие; образуется прибавлением -ing к основе глагола: to read — reading чтение; to choose — choosing выбор; to heat — heating нагревание и др.

Перечислим основные особенности герундия:1 1. За герундием может следовать относящееся к нему прямое

2.У герундия не может быть артиклей или определений, вы раженных прилагательными.

3.Герундий не имеет правого определения с предлогом of.

4.Герундий не имеет формы множественного числа.

5.Перед герундием может употребляться притяжательное местоимение или существительное в притяжательном падеже:

1 Об отличии герундия от совпадающего с ним по форме причастия настоящего времени см. раздел Б.

138__________________________________________________Unit

6

6. Герундий может выполнять функцию подлежащего в предложении (иногда с зависимыми словами):

7. Если перед герундием стоит предлог, то он выступает в функции обстоятельства. Перед герундием употребляются сле дующие предлоги: on (upon) no, после; after после, before перед, at при, by путем, при помощи, посредством, without без, instead of вместо и др.

Before entering the Mining До поступления в горный ин-

В русском языке герундию или герундиальной группе с предлогом соответствуют: существительное с предлогом, деепричастие или придаточное предложение. Рассмотрим несколько способов перевода на русский язык одного предложения, содержащего герундий с предлогом:

By introducing powerful rotary excavators it is possible to increase the daily output of the quarry.

1.Внедряя мощные роторные экскаваторы, можно увеличить суточную производительность карьера.

2.Путем внедрения мощных роторных экскавато ров можно увеличить суточную производитель ность карьера.

Unit 6

________________________________________________________

141

4. Определите значения выделенных слов по сходству их корней с кор нями соответствующих слов в русском языке:

natural gas; atomic energy; geologic past; the two main groups of rocks; the different categories of solid fuels; the basis of practically all natural fuels; the small amount of other elements; to be associated with water and gas; porous sedimentary rocks; geological formations; the most efficient fuel and raw materials; gaseous fuel; high thermal efficiency; to be derived from petroleum

5. Прочитайте текст А и скажите, какие виды органического топлива в нем описываются:

ТЕКСТА

Fossil Fuels

The chief sources of energy available to man today are oil, natural gas, coal, water power and atomic energy. Coal, gas and oil represent energy that has been concentrated by the decay of organic materials (plants and animals) accumulated in the geologic past. These fuels-are often referred to as fossil fuels.

The word fossil (derived from the Latin fodere "to dig up") originally referred to anything that was dug from the ground, particularly a mineral. Today the term fossil generally means any direct evidence of past life, for example, the footprints of ancient animals. Fossils are usually found in sedimentary rocks, although sometimes they may be found in igneous and metamorphic rocks as well. They are most abundant in mudstone, shale and limestone, but fossils are also found in sandstone, dolomite and conglomerate.

Most fuels are carbon-containing substances that are burned in air. In burning fuels give off heat which is used for different purposes.

Fuels may be solid, liquid and gaseous. Solid fuels may be divided into two main groups, natural and manufactured. The former category includes coal, wood, peat and other plant products. The latter category includes coke and charcoal obtained by heating coal in the absence of air.

Liquid fuels are derived almost from petroleum. In general, natural petroleum, or crude oil, as it is widely known, is the basis of practically all industrial fuels. Petroleum is a mixture of hundreds of different hydrocarbons — compounds composed of hydrogen and carbon — together with the small amount of other elements such as sulphur, oxygen and nitrogen. Petroleum is usually associated with

142__________________________________________________Unit

6

water and natural gas. It is found in porous sedimentary rocks where the geological formation allowed the oil to collect from a wide area. Petroleum is one of the most efficient fuels and raw materials.

Of gaseous fuels the most important are those derived from natural gas, chiefly methane or petroleum. Using gaseous fuels makes it possible to obtain high thermal efficiency, ease of distribution and control. Gas is the most economical and convenient type of fuels. Today gas is widely utilized in the home and as a raw material for producing synthetics.

Scientists consider that a most promising source of natural resources may be the floor of the sea, a subject which now has become an important field of research.

Generally speaking, all types of fossil fuels described in the text are of great economic importance as they represent the sources of energy the man uses today.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

6. Укажете, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста.

1.Coal, water power and atomic energy are the only sources of energy available to man today.

2.Coal, wood and peat represent natural group of solid fuels.

3.As a rule fossil fuels are found in sedimentary rocks.

4.Crude oil is widely used for producing solid fuels.

5.Petroleum can be found in porous sedimentary rocks.

6.Gas is used to produce synthetic materials.

7.Not all types of fossil fuels burn.

7. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1.What fuels are often referred to as fossil fuels?

2.What does the word fossil mean?

3.What rocks are most abundant hi fossil fuels?

4.What types of fossil fuels do you know?

5.Is coke a natural or manufactured solid fuel? And what can you say about coal and peat?

6.How are coke and charcoal produced?

7.What rocks is petroleum usually associated with?

8.What are the advantages of gaseous fuels?

10. the small amount of mudstonet к) относиться к (чему-л.); ссылаться на (что-л.)

б) Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих слов и сочетаний слов.

6.получать хорошие результаты 'е) to derive from

7.богатый горючими сланцами ж) to obtain good result»

9. Определите, какой частью речи являются выделенные слова. Переве дите предложении:

1.Mineral fuels such as oil, oil shale, gas and coal are com monly called fossil fuels.

2.These fossils are organic materials accumulated in the geologic

past.

3.As a rule oil deposits are usually associated with water and natural gas.

4.Salt deposits form folds in which petroleum can be found.

5.Liquid is one of the states of matter.

6.Liquid fuels are derived from petroleum.

7.Coke manufacture depends on certain (определенный) grades of coal.

8.Chemical plants manufacture synthetic materials from natural

gas.

10. Заполните пропуски в предложениях , используя приведенны е слова

1. Fossil fuels were formed as a result of the ... of vegetable matter.

144________________________________________________Unit

6

past.2. These fossil fuels are organic materials that ... in the geologic

3. Coal, for example, deposited from vegetable remains ... in swamp (болото) areas millions of years ago.

4. As is known, any natural ... of mineral of some volume in the Earth's crust is a mineral deposit.

11. Прочитайте следующие предложения. Найдите в каждом из них группу «подлежащее — сказуемое». Определите, чем выражено подлежащее. Переведите предложения:

1. Using coal as a fuel began in the twelfth century.

2. Extracting useful minerals by underground methods will con tinue in future.

3.Winning coal from deep horizons is difficult due to high tem peratures.

4.Producing oil from shale has been successfully carried out for many years.

12. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод выделенных слов:

1. Electricity is a source of light as well as of heat.

2. As igneous rocks and their veins are rich in mineral deposits, they are very important to man.

3. As is known, fossils are found in sedimentary rocks although they may be found in igneous rocks as well.

4. Mine cars are unloaded (разгружать) as they pass through a loading point.

5. As far as petroleum is concerned it is associated with water and natural gas.

6. Nowadays natural gas is utilized as a raw material for manu facturing synthetics.

7. As a rule open-cast mining is used when the deposit lies near the surface.

13. Прочитайте следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на пере-вод герундия с предлогамиby, for, in, of, он,without:

1. The progress in the coal industry was achieved by mechaniz ing and re-equipping underground operations.

2.Brown coal and lignite are used as raw materials for produc ing coke and chemical products.

3.The problem of extracting geothermal energy is under con sideration now.

Unit 6

_____________________________________________________

145

4.On re-utilizing the wastes (отходы) it will be possible to make the extractive industries more efficient.

5.Geologists have got good results in prospecting for mineral resources in the sea.

14. а) Назовите, в каких предложениях употреблен герундий. Укажите определяющие его признаки:

1.Charcoal is used for producing high grades of cast iron.

2.Coke is formed in the process of heating certain grades of coal in the absence of air.

3.New concentration plants have been built for the processing of non-ferrous and ferrous metals.

4.Many minerals undergo changes by taking water in their molecule.

5.The form of a mineral body is taken into consideration in selecting the method of mining.

6.In prospecting for useful minerals, aerial photography will play an important part.

7.Using modern mining equipment allowed the miners to in crease the output of coal.

8.The training of mining specialists now takes place in proxim ity to industrial enterprises.

9.It is difficult to understand the nature of fossils without study ing their origin.

6)Найдите в тексте А предложения, в которых употреблен герундий. Переведите предложения.

15.Переведите предложения, используя следующие слова и сочетания

слов:

to be of great importance; to be the basis for; the national economy; to represent; there is; to manufacture; gaseous

1.Уголь, нефть и природный газ — старейшие источники энергии. Они представляют собой горючее топливо органи ческого происхождения.

2.Есть (существует) жидкое, твердое и газообразное топ

ливо.

3.Уголь — сырье для получения кокса.

4.Сырая нефть является основой для изготовления про

мышленного жидкого топлива.

5. Использование природного газа имеет большое значение для народного хозяйства страны.