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mineral and the natural and economic conditions in which it occurs. The exploration of the deposit is divided into three stages, namely preliminary exploration, detailed exploration and exploitation exploration.

The aim of preliminary exploration is to establish the general size of a deposit and to obtain an approximate idea of its shape, dimensions and quality. At this stage the geological map of the deposit is corrected and a detailed survey of its surface is completed.

The information on the preliminary exploration is expected to give an all-round description of the deposit which will enable the cost of its detailed exploration to be estimated.

The following points should be taken into consideration: 1) the shape and area of the deposit; 2) its depth and angles of dip and strike; 3) its thickness; 4) the properties of the surrounding rock and overburden; 5) the degree of uniformity of distribution of the mineral within the deposit and the country rock, etc.

Preliminary explorations can make use of exploratory openings such as trenches, prospecting pits, adits, crosscuts and boreholes. They are planned according to a definite system, and some are driven to a great depth.

All the exploratory workings are plotted on the plan. These data allow the geologist to establish the vertical section of the deposit.

The quality of the mineral deposit is determined on the basis of analyses and tests of samples taken from exploratory workings.

The method of exploration to be chosen in any particular case depends on the thickness of overburden, the angle of dip, the surface relief, the ground water conditions and the shape of the mineral deposit.

The task of the detailed exploration is to obtain reliable information on the mineral reserves, their grades and distribution in the different sectors of the deposit. Detailed exploration data provide a much more exact estimate of the mineral reserves.

Mine or exploitation exploration is known to begin as soon as mining operations start. It provides data for detailed estimates of the ore reserves of individual sections. It facilitates the planning of current production and calculating the balance of reserves and ore mined.

The searching and discovering of new mineralized areas are based on geological survey and regional geophysical prospecting. The results of these investigations provide data on iron-bearing formations and new deposits for commercial extraction.

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In detailed exploration both underground workings and borehole survey are used. Core drilling with diamond and carbide bits is widely used. Non-core drilling is also used in loose rocks in combination with borehole geophysical survey.

One of the main methods to explore coal deposits is also coredrilling. Modern drilling equipment makes it possible to accurately measure bed thickness and determine structure of beds, faults and folds. Recording control instruments are attached to drilling rigs which allow the geologists to get reliable samples good for nearly all parameters of coal quality to be determined.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

25. Уважите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста Б.

1. The purpose of preliminary exploration is to determine the mineral reserves and their distribution in the different sectors of the deposit.

2. The properties of the surrounding rock and overburden should be taken into consideration during the preliminary explora tion.

3. The purpose of the detailed exploration is to find out the quantity (reserves) of the deposit.

4. Exploitation exploration facilitates the planning of current production.

5. Both core drilling and non-core drilling are widely used.

6. Recording control instruments allow geologists to get reliable ore samples.

26. Ответьте на следующие вопроси:

1. What stages does exploration include?

2. What is the main purpose of preliminary exploration?

3. What should be taken into consideration by geologists during preliminary exploration?

4. What exploratory openings do you know?

5. Do you know how the quality of the mineral deposit is deter mined?

6. What is the aim of a detailed exploration?

7. Is core drilling used in prospecting for loose rocks? 8.What is drilling equipment used for?

а) 1. Exploration of gently dipping ...deposits is performed by vertical pits.

2. The principal indicator of the economic importance of combustible shales is the persistence (постоянство) of the ...s in thickness and grade.

3. As is known, any change in the normal... of a seam is called a disturbance.

6)1. The term "prospecting" covers the whole range of geological ... aimed at discovering ... deposits.

2.Naturally, the prospector also finds non-... mineral con centrations more often than economic ones.

3.Many countries have their own classification system of ...

deposits.

1.Depending on the geological conditions either adits or bore holes can be driven into the deposit.

2.When working steep seams under thick overburden neither trenches nor adits can be used.

3.Neither the thickness of overburden nor the angles of dip and strike were determined correctly.

4.At present either surface or aerial methods of geological pros pecting can be used.

5.Neither faults nor fissures were found by the surveyors.

33.Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод инфинитив ного оборота «сложное подлежащее»:

1.Oil is known to be one of the most important sources of energy.

2.Petroleum is believed to have been formed from decaying vegetable and animal remains.

3.Drilling is considered to be the principal exploration method and it is widely used when deposits are of large dimensions.

4.Until recently a depth of 50-ft overburden was considered to be the maximum.

5.Coal is still the most important fuel and is likely to remain the main source of energy for years to come.

6.Neighbouring coal beds seemed to be sloping gently.

7.The computerized systems of planning and control proved to be reliable.

34.Выпишите из текста Б предложения, в которых употребляются ин финитивные обороты «сложное подлежащее», «сложное дополнение». Пере ведите их.

35.Выразите несогласие и подтвердите свою точку зрения фактами из текста Б. Используйте предлагаемые разговорные формулы:

on the contrary; to my mind; In my opinion; as far as I know; I'd like to stress; It should be taken into consideration

1.The preliminary exploration gives reliable information only on the place of the deposit.

2.The quality of the mineral deposit can be determined without taking samples.

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3.The data obtained from the exploratory workings allow the geologist to estimate the mineral reserves and to plan current pro duction.

4.In prospecting for loose rocks, only core-drilling is used.

36.Суммируйте содержание текста Б по плану.

1.The task of the preliminary exploration.

2.Exploratory workings used at the preliminary stage of exploration.

3.Sampling as a means of determining the quality of the min eral deposit.

4.The aims of the detailed proving and exploitation exploration.

37.Скажите, какие основные сведения необходимы геологу для описа ния месторождения.

38.Расскажите о вкладе выдающихся ученых-геологов в науку о Земле и

еенедрах.

39.Прочитайте текст В. Перечислите основные методы разведки, упомянутые в тексте, и скажите, какой из них вы считаете наиболее прогрессивным. Дайте обоснование своего ответа.

ТЕКСТ В

1.World-wide economic development has been characterized by the growth rates in the demand of raw materials and especially for the primary sources of energy. Despite the development of nuclear energy, the expansion of off-shore oil and natural gas production, the extraction of oil from bituminous sands and oil shales, the liquefaction (разжижение) and gasification of coal, and the application of such sources as geothermal and solar energy, the burden (бремя) of energy supply will 'continue to fall on the producers of fossil fuels for many years to come. This applies particularly to the production of solid fuels.

2.As is known, most minerals are mined from surface deposits now. Even though the mining industry continues the search for low-grade surface deposits, it is increasingly necessary that the economic subsurface deposits should be mined. This fact leads to the development of new methods of prospecting.

3.New techniques have been developed for rapid mapping and geochemical sampling from light aircraft while in flight. Statistical studies of regional geochemical sampling aided (помогать) by computers are being widely adopted. In general, computers play an

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important role in the quick interpretation of geological problems. Colour photography is also being used as an aid in certain geological work and mining studies.

4. A method of prospecting for mineral, gas, oil, etc. which is based on a combination of X-rays and ultrasonic transmissions came into use recently. The method is fully portable and of great value in drilling. In addition, this method determines the areas of interest during drilling and gives close grade control during mining operations.

5. At present, the scientists are conducting intensive research aimed at using geocosmic rays as a means of determining the size of an ore deposit in the prospecting stage. As is known, until recently scientists dealt only with the interplanetary functions of cosmic rays. Cosmic rays coming in from the depths of the Universe are expected to explore nearearth and interplanetary space.

6. The geocosmic method is based on the fact that when the cosmic rays get into the atmosphere, the so-called secondary cosmic rays, muons, appear. These particles are capable of penetrating rather deep into the Earth's crust. The greatest muon penetration depth registered today is stated to be about three thousand metres. This fact has suggested the idea of using the rays in mineral prospecting.

7. Besides, successful development of space research has made it possible to survey the Earth's resources from space by satellites. The advantages of the surveys of the Earth's resources by satellites are such that vast areas such as entire mountain belts and continents can be mapped synoptically. The greatest potential of surveying the Earth's resources from space for mineral exploration is based on the ability to map synoptically the geomorphology and general geological environment (окружающая среда) of very large areas. The results obtained provide more accurate and complete information than is available from conventional (обычный) surveys.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

40. •) В каж дом абзаце текста В найдите предлож ение, передаю щ ее его основную мысль.

6) О заглавьте каж ды й абзац текста В .

41. Н айдите в тексте В предлож ения, точно отвечаю щ ие на следую щ ие вопросы:

1.W hat type of fuel will continue to be the primary source of energy?

2.W hat deposits should be mined in the future?

ИНТЕРВЬЮспрофессором Дж. Мортоном

Прочитайте интервью по ролям. Суммируйте его содержание своими словами (6-8 предложений).

TEACHER: Dear friends! Let me introduce Professor John Morton from Newcastle University. Professor Morton has kindly agreed to answer your questions about training geologists in Great Britain and about geology as a science.

QUESTION: Will you kindly say a few words about the importance of geology as a science? Thank you.

ANSWER: Yes, of course. First of all, geology is a practical science. It studies the Earth, its structure, composition and its evolution. It is a science in which the study of presentday processes plays a key role in understanding the evolutionary history of the Earth. At the same time the geological past helps understand modern processes and predict future trends. This is of increasing importance as we become more aware 6f environmental problems.

QUESTION: You have mentioned environment. Does it concern geology too?

ANSWER: Certainly. Environmental geology focuses on geology as it relates to human activity, environmental hazards and changes resulting from natural geological processes.

QUESTION: What do you think about the role of mining geology in the modern world?

ANSWER: I'll try to be short. Mining geology plays an essential role in two major fields. First, there is the engineering task of extracting the valuable content of a mineral deposit (the ore) economically, efficiently and safely and with minimum disturbance to the environment. Second, since every ore deposit has a limited life, the future of the industry depends on prospecting and exploration to discover and evaluate new deposits, to replace dying mines and to meet increasing demands.

QUESTION: How long do students study geology in Great Britain?

ANSWER: I think, it depends on the university but mostly the course lasts 3 years, full-time, or 4 years if combined with a language subject (part time study is also possible).