156770

uniform ly , gradually , greatly , hardly , purely , finally , slowly , highly , generally , sim ultaneously , backward, eastward, hom eward

б) Заполните пропуски в предложениях, выбирая одно из данных в скобках наречий.

1.Rocks are... com posed of different m inerals,(purely, easily, generally)

2.The expansion and contraction of rocks do not...occurand at an equal rate,(hardly, uniformly, highly)

3.Rocks are... transform ed into gravel,(greatly, slowly, simulta neously)

4.W ater facilitates the decom position of....rocks(greatly, hardly, highly)At the beginning of rock decom position cracks or fissures

... noticeable(highly, purely, hardfy),but gradually they becom e wider

and deeper and ... rock is transform ed into gravel, sand and dust.

(uniformly, greatfy, finally)

6. The method is ... experimental, (simultaneously, purely, uni formly)

38. Переведите следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на место предлога в русском предложении:

1.The world fossil which means "organic materials accumulated in the geologic past" was originally referred to anything that was dug (to dig — добывать) from the ground.

2.The decomposition of rocks is influenced by many factors.

3.A large expedition will soon be organized to study the Earth's depth. It should be noted that later the expedition will be followed by another one.

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39. Прочтите следующий текст. Найдите в каждом предложении группу «подлежащее-сказуемое». Переведите предложения с глаголом-ска зуемым в страдательном залоге:

The book Planet Earth, an Encyclopedia of Geology is often referred to because it gives much information on the geological history of the Earth, the rocks of Earth, the processes which occur in the Earth, etc. For example, sedimentary rocks form a small proportion by volume of the rocks of the Earth's crust. They are formed from sediments, accumulations of solid material. The oldest sedimentary rocks were known some 3,500 million years ago. The processes which lead to the formation of sedimentary rocks are going on around us and different sediments are being deposited and may later be changed into rocks. Most sedimentary rocks have been classified according to their grains size. Great attention is also paid to the rocks of the oceans because they are less studied.

40. Укажите, в каких предложениях модальный глагол употребляется с инфинитивом в страдательном залоге. Переведите предложения:

1.We can observe physical weathering in deserts and high mountains. This phenomenon can best be observed in places where the changes in temperature are great.

2.Sedimentary rocks can be more or less unconsolidated during the process of sedimentation.

3.Sedimentary rocks can be found at or near the surface of the

Earth.

4.Igneous activity can be considered as one of the most funda mental Earth processes.

5.As is known, igneous rocks can be extrusive and intrusive.

6.Like sands, sandstones can be divided into fine-grained, me dium-grained and coarse-grained.

7.One can divide all sediments into consolidated and unconsoli dated rocks.

41. Соедините главные предложения с придаточными.

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44. Суммируйте содержание текста Б, используя слова в скобках.

1.The main cause of physical weathering, (the change in tem perature, to observe, to expand, to contract, to crack, to be hardly noticeable, to be facilitated by)

2.The main cause of chemical weathering, (to be subjected to, to contain, to act as, to cause changes, to be transformed into)

3.The effect of organisms and plants on the disintegration of rocks, (to accelerate the destruction of rocks, to penetrate into, to develop lateral pressure, to destroy rocks)

В

45. Прочитайте текст В без словаря. Скажите, о чем говорится в нем.

Слова для понимания текста:

suspended particles — взвешенные частицы define [di 'fain] — определять

ТЕКСТ В The

Earth's Crust

Most mineral resources are derived from the Earth's crust. The crust is composed of minerals that are crystalline solids with specific and rather simple composition. Minerals in the Earth's crust are concentrated into specific groups which are called rocks. Two distinctly different types of crust are recognized: oceanic and continental.

Since it is difficult to investigate the floor of the ocean, the composition of the oceanic crust is not known completely. Scientists say that it is relatively constant in composition. The oceanic floor consists largely of minerals rich in calcium, magnesium, iron and silicon, and it is formed by the cooling of lavas extruded on the sea floor to form a type of rock called basalt. It is subjected to the same forces of erosion and weathering.

The continental crust contains less iron and magnesium than the oceanic crust, but relatively more silicon, aluminium, sodium and potassium. The continental crust is more complicated and has a more variable thickness and a less well defined structure.

A systematic examination of all known rock types shows that two principal types predominate: 1) Igneous rocks which are formed by the cooling and crystallization of liquids from deep in the crust called magma; 2) Sedimentary rocks which are formed by

110____________________________________________Unit

4

sedimentation and gradual cementation of sediments by the action of water, ice, wind and organisms. They are layered or stratified. Most of the sediments are deposited in the sea along the continents.

As sediments grow larger and are buried deeper, increasing-pres sure and rising temperature produce physical and chemical changes in them. The resulting metamorphic rocks generally show whether they originated from sedimentary or igneous rocks. This process is slow — hundreds of millions of years are necessary. As weathering and erosion occur, some substances are dissolved and removed in solution while others are transported as suspended particles.

Continental crust contains extremely varied types of rock. It is quite possible to say that the rock-forming processes which we can observe today, have been active for at least 3,500 million years.

The oceanic crust, by contrast with the continental crust, shows little variation in composition. It leads to the idea that the rocks of the sea floor might not contain as many valuable mineral resources as do the rocks of the continental crust. The solution of the problem will be one of the main problems of oceanographic research in future.

46. а) Найдите • каждом абзаце текста В предложение, вы ражаю щее его основвую мысль.

б) Найдите в тексте В предложения, в которых говорвтс* об исследовавяв недр Земля.

в) Составьте план текста В и краткую авиотацию текста, используя следующее раэговорвые формулы:

The subject of the text is...

The text deals with ...It is

pointed out that ...It is

obviousthat ... To sum it

up ...

47. а) П рочитайте и переведите текст со словарем.

Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519)

Leonardo's all-round genius brought him face-aceto-fwith problems of understanding the Earth. He saw the Earth undergoing endless change, largely occasioned by the forces of weather and water (both marine erosion of coasts and river erosion of hills). Solid land was constantly decaying into alluvial plains. The creation by rivers of their own valleys, which they then silted up, fascinated

him. Land loss was being compensated for by a steady rise of the continents from the sea (as erosion made them lighter, they were able to rise).

His awareness of the power of water enabled him to recognize fossils as organic remains buried in strata debris, and he pointed to the similarities between fossil and living specimens. He denied that fossils were due to the Flood and privately speculated on the high antiquity of the Earth.

ученого, художника, арх итектора и т.д.

КРОССВОРД (CROSSWORD)

В этом квадрате зашифровано более 60 слов. Сколько слов удастся вам найти? Запиш ите эти слова и дайте их русские эквиваленты .

ГРАММАТИКА

Ф ункции причастия прош едш его времениParticipleII)(

Причастие — это неличная форма глагола, имеющая признаки прилагательного и глагола.

Формы причастия прошедшего времени (Participle II) стандартных глаголов совпадают с формами Past Indefinite, т.е. имеют суффикс -её:

to use — used(использованный)

to discuss — discussed (обсужденный) to invite — invited (приглашенный)

Причастия прошедшего времени нестандартных глаголов приводятся в словарях и их следует заучивать.

ФУНКЦИИ ПРИЧАСТИЯ II

1.Часть сказуемого, The mine was built Шахта была построена

лога.

2. Левое определение The stolen picture was Украденная картина бы- (стоит перед определя very soon found. ла вскоре найдена. емым словом)

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In geology this process is called extrusion. Thus, ... rocks are formed either as lavas or as fragmentary rocks.

2. Igneous rocks on the other hand may be cooled among the other rocks of the crust. The process is known as intrusion and such rocks are called ....

3. In his Reminiscences of a Mining Engineer Academician Terpigorev gave ^description of the training of specialists at the Mining Institute in St.Petersburg before the Revolution. Students' specia lization was based on ... courses and elementary practical training.

4. Прочитайте следующие сочетания слов и переведите их:

5. Определите значения выделенных слов по сходству их корней с кор нями соответствующих слов в русском языке:

intrusive and extrusive rocks; intrusive magma; large crystals; volcanic rocks; mountain zones; zones of major deformation; mineral grains; granites and diorites; the group of intrusive or plutonic rocks; straight parallel walls; gigantic crystals; several tons; slowlycooled batholiths; thick laccoliths; other plutonites; coarse-grained pegmatites; lava flow

6. Прочитайте текст А. Назовите характерные особенности извержен ных пород:

ТЕКСТ А

Igneous Rocks

Igneous rocks have crystallized from solidified magma..

Igneous rocks can be classified in a number of ways and one of them is based on mode of occurrence. They occur either as intrusive (below the surface) bodies or as extrusive masses solidified at the