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16. Закончите предложения подходящим по смыслу словами нз текста А:

1. As for the origin of fossil fuels they havenbformed by ... .

2. According to the latest information the main sources of energy are ... .

3. As is known fossil fuels are mostly associated ....with 4. As far as petroleum is concerned, it can be found... .in 5. Generally speaking, all types of fuel are im portant....

17. В ыразите несогласие и подтвердите свою точку зрения фактами из текста А. Используйте предлагаемые разговорные формулы:

as is k nown; to m y m ind; In m y opinion; on the contrary;... asI'dforlik e to say that ...; It seem s to be wrong; I can't agree with yon

1.The meaning of the term /row/ is unknown.

2.Fossil fuels may be found only in sedimentary rocks.

3.Coke represents natural solid fuel.

4.Petroleum contains only hydrocarbons.

5.Gas is not so convenient type of fuel as coal.

18. Суммируйте содержание текста А, используя слова в скобках .

1. Fossil fuels as a source of energy, their origin,(to represent, energy, the decay of organic materials, to accumulate, to be found in, to be abundant in)

2. The types of fossil fuels. Solid fuels, natural and m anufac tured, their usage,(to divide into, to include, to obtain)

3. Liquid fuels. Petroleum, its origin, occurrence and usage,(to be derived from, to contain, to be associated with, to be found in)

4. Gaseous fuels and their use in the economy,(to make it pos sible, to be widely used, to be of importance)

19. П родолжите диалог. И спользуйте разговорные формулы из упраж нения 17.

A.: I think fossil fuels are the only source of energy today.

В.: You are not right because the text says ...

20. Р асскажи те коротко (6-8 предложений ) о разных видах топлива и других источниках энергии в промышленности и в быту в вашем городе/рай оне/республике. Используйте известные вам разговорные формулы.

ГРАММАТИКАПричастие

настоящего времениThe( PresentParticiple)

Причастие настоящего времени образуется, как и герундий, прибавлением -ing к основе глагола: to build — building

работающий,to use — using использующий, используяВ. отличие от герундия, причастие не может выступать в функциях существительного. Эта неличная форма глагола имеет признаки прилагательного и глагола.

Рассмотрим функции причастия настоящего времени в предложении:

26. Определите значения выделенных слов по сходству их корней с корнями соответствующих слов k русском языке:

coal formation processes; parallel planes; structurally disturbed beds of coal; coal classification; lignite and brown coals; bituminous coal; anthracite or "hard" coal; gasification and cat-bonification; domestic and industrial purposes of using coal; in briquetted form; to be used intensively; to produce a mixture; researches into new technologies; petrochemical processes

27. Прочитайте текст Б и скажите, какие угли имеют наиболее важное экономическое значение.

ТЕКСТ Б

Coal and Its Classification

Coal is the product of vegetable matter that has been formed by the action of decay, weathering, the effects of pressure, temperature and time millions of years ago.

Although coal is not a true mineral, its formation processes are similar to those of sedimentary rocks.

Structurally coal beds are geological strata characterized by the same irregularities in thickness, uniformity and continuity as other strata of sedimentary origin. Coal beds may consist of essentially uniform continuous strata or like other sedimentary deposits may be made up of different bands or benches of varying thickness.

Rack

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Thus, in Fig. 3 one can see a seam limited by two more or less parallel planes, a shape which is typical of sedimentary rocks.

The benches may be separated by thin layers of clay, shale, pyrite or other mineral matter, commonly called partings (Fig. 4).

Like other sedimentary rocks coal beds may be structurally disturbed by folding and faulting.

According to the amount of carbon coals are classified into: brown coals, bituminous coals and anthracite. Brown coals are in their turn subdivided into lignite and common brown coal.

Although carbon is the most important element in coal, as many as 72 elements have been found in some coal deposits, including lithium, chromium, cobalt, copper, nickel, tungsten and others.

Lignite is intermediate in properties between peat and bitumi nous coal, containing when dry about 60 to 75 per cent of carbon and a variable proportion of ash. Lignite is a low-rank brown-to-black coal containing 30 to 40 per cent of moisture. Developing heat it gives from 2,500 to 4,500 calories. It is easily inflammable but burns with a smoky flame. Lignite is liable to spontaneous combustion. It has been estimated that about 50 per cent of the world's total coal reserves are lignitic.

Brown coal is harder than lignite, containing from 60 to 65 per cent of carbon and developing greater heat than lignite (4,000-7,000 calories). It is very combustible and gives a brown powder. Bituminous coal is the most abundant variety, varying from medium to high rank. It is a soft, black, usually banded coal. It gives a black powder and contains 75 to 90 per cent of carbon. It weathers only slightly and may be kept in open piles with little danger of spontaneous combustion if properly stored. Medium-to-low volatile bituminous coals may be of coking quality. Coal is used intensively in blast furnaces for smelting iron ore. There are non-coking varieties of coal.

As for the thickness, the beds of this kind of coal are not very thick (1-1.5 metres). The great quantities of bituminous coal are found in the Russian Federation.

Anthracite or "hard" coal has a brilliant -lustre containing more than 90 per cent of carbon and low percentage-fit volatile matter. It is used primarily as a domestic fuel, although it can sometimes be blended with bituminous grades of coal to produce a mixture with improved coking qualities. The largest beds of anthracite are found in Russia, the USA and Great Britain.

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Coal is still of great importance for the development of modern industry. It may be used for domestic and industrial purposes. Being the main source of coke, coal is widely used in the iron and steel industry. Lignite, for example either in the raw state or in briquetted form, is a source of industrial carbon and industrial gases.

There is a strong tendency now for increased research into new technologies to utilize coal. No doubt, coal will be used as a raw material for the chemical industry and petrochemical processes. All these processes involve coal conversion which include gasification designed to produce synthetic gas from coal as the basis for hydrogen manufacture, liquefaction (разжижение) for making liquid fuel from coal and other processes.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

28.Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста.

1.Anthracite coals may be divided into lignite and common brown coal.

2.Coals are ranked according to the percentage of carbon they contain.

3.Peat, with the least amount of carbon is the lowest rank, then comes lignite or brown coal.

4.Brown coal is hard and it is not liable to spontaneous combus

tion.

5.Bituminous coal weathers rapidly and one cannot keep it in open piles.

6.Being intensively used in the Iron and steel industry bitumi nous coal varies from medium to high rank.

7.Anthracite or hard coal, the highest in percentage of carbon, can be blended with bituminous grades of coal.

29.Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1.What is the classification of coal based on?

2.Is carbon the only element in coal? (Prove it.)

3.Is lignite intermediate in properties between peat and bitumi nous coal?

4.What heat value does lignite develop when burnt?

5.What coals are liable to spontaneous combustion?

6.What is the difference between lignite and brown coal?

7.Is bituminous coal highor low-volatile?

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8.Does anthracite contain 90 per cent of carbon?

9.Where are the largest deposits of anthracite found? And what

can you say about bituminous coal?

10.What do you know about the utilization of coal?

30.а) Найдите в правой колоне русские эквиваленты следующих слов и сочетаний слов:

1.spontaneous combustion, а) легковоспламеняющийся газ

2.moisture and ash content 6) высокосортный уголь

3.the most abundant variety в) плавить железную руду

6)Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих слов

нсочетаний слов:

31. Подберите соответствующие словарные определении дли названий разных видов топлива:

1.A low-rank brown-to-black coal containing 30 to 40 per cent of moisture. It is liable to spontaneous combustion.

2.A soft brown deposit in which plant structures can easily be seen. It has the least amount of carbon.

3.The main feature of this grade of coals is its low percentage of volatile matter and high caibon content.

4.This coal has more than 14 per cent of volatile content. There are non-coking and coking varieties, the latter being used for coke manufacture.

32. Заполнитепропускивпредложениях,используя следующиеслова:

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1.Fossil fuels... to play an important role in the national economy of the country.

2.Like other sedimentary strata coal beds are characterized by uniformity and ....

3.In mining bedded deposits... faces (забои) are used.

1.Any change in the normal bedding of a seam (fault or fold) is called a....

2.Coal seams may be structurally... by faulting or folding.

3.Folds ... coal seams without a break and sometimes faults ...

them with a break.

33. Определитечисловыделенныхсуществительных:

these men; 25 feet, natural phenomenon; their analyses; higher educational establishments; coal stratum; new formula; these apparatuses;the dataof investigations

34. П рочитайте предложения, найдите -вinнихg-ф орм ыСкажите,. как

они называю тся и в какой функции употреблены в предложении. Переведите предложения.

1.Coal beds may consist of different bands of varying thickness.

2.Laser is used in mining.This is a more recent development replacing theodolites in surveying.

3.Speaking about the future of coal, it is necessary to note the production of liquid fuels such as gas and oil from coal.

35. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевteg-формд-. Какназываю тсяэти формы? Каковынх функции?

а)1. The highest output of coalexcluding seams of 6° to 15° is got from thick seams.

2.The ventilation airflowing through the mine has been greatly increased.

3.It should be noticed that the theoryof prospectingand ex ploration is a linkconnectingspecialists in two fields ofmining:the exploration geologist and theminingengineer.

4.Folds, faults and fissuresinfluencingthe distribution and lo calization of mineralization are observed in practically all ore fields.

6)1. Minerals and rocks are subjected to a process of constant developmentdependingon geological conditions.

2. Studyingand exploringdeep deposits, it is important to es-