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In conclusion we can say if the target dependence exists then it will become possible to calculate the karst parameters. It will help people to minimize the consequences of karst processes.

References

1.Гвоздецкий Н.А. – Проблемы изучения карста и практика – Мысль, Москва, 1972 г., 392 стр.

2.Kristina Perry – The problem of karst landscapes – Geography 810 – May 21, 1999

S.V. Ivantsova, M.E. Michailova, N.V. Patyaeva

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

THE PROBLEM OF CONSTRUCTION WASTE IN RUSSIA

We all live now in the 21st century. This is a time of constant discoveries, improvement, innovation, scientific achievements and, most importantly, endless construction. However, any question has two sides. So all the benefits of our time have both positive and negative sides. Currently, there are many different negative consequences of the achievements of our time.

We study at the University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, at the Faculty of Civil Engineering, that is why we decided to consider the issue of construction waste in Russia.

The problem of recycling construction waste is very acute today. These types of waste include residues of materials remaining after construction, dismantling or repair. The following types of construction wastes are distinguished:

1.solid waste (concrete, brick, asphalt, stone, scrap metal, wood, glass,

etc.);

2.liquid substances (oil, paint, varnish, resin, acetone, protective coatings, grease and more);

3.residues of bulk materials (sand, soil, gravel, clay).

If the annual volume of municipal waste is divided by the number of inhabitants, then for every Russian it will take about 400 kg. During redecoration in small apartments there are dozens of bags with broken bricks, dust, plaster, and if we are talking about full-scale construction, that is a volume of hundreds of cubic meters.

It is worth remembering that it is not worth laying out the disposal of the remains of building materials.

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For several years there has been a large amount of toxic waste. Decomposing, they not only pollute water, land and air, but also infect plants, animals and negatively affect the health of people. A separate danger is the burial of hazardous waste, which have been forgotten, and in their place houses and various buildings were erected.

Such contaminated areas can be places where there have been nuclear explosions underground.

Stone, metal, or synthetic materials poison air and groundwater. And the neighborhood with landfills of garbage is extremely dangerous for health.

So why is such a dangerous factor not eliminated?

The main feature is that the remains of building materials need grinding, processing or destruction. If ordinary waste does not harm the environment, then construction waste can pollute the planet for centuries. If every resident ignores such a problem, the cities will quickly be filled up with construction waste.

The danger to nature is not only improper dumping, but also transportation. The use of a car with a trailer or a truck does not solve the problem, as the transportation of construction waste requires a special transport with a closing container. Most often, these are special container which can take on board more than 30 cubic meters of trash.

So let's consider some options for solving the problem of garbage disposal. Garbage disposal is the cheapest, but short – sighted way to dispose of it.

Landfills around cities occupy huge areas. Toxic substances found in landfills enter groundwater, which is often used as a source of drinking water. In addition, as a result of rotting processes without air access, various gases are formed, which also pollute the atmosphere around the landfill.

So, garbage is dumped on the surface of the earth or subjected to burial. What is worse is unknown, because, on the one hand, the buried garbage does not give dust fly around the landfill and does not spoil the landscape but on the other hand it is closer to groundwater. In addition, the burial of garbage is a rather expensive process. It is effective if it is necessary to neutralize a small amount of garbage. Nevertheless, garbage dumps can be useful. Thus, construction debris can be used to fill ravines, pits, etc. Since the composition of construction debris is similar to natural stones, such uses do not cause much damage to nature.

There is also another idea of burning garbage: it should be turned into gaseous products that would dissipate in the air and join the natural cycle. However, it is a little more complicated. Firstly, not all garbage burns. In particular iron, contained for example in broken household appliances. Therefore, all the slag that remains after combustion still has to be taken to landfills. Secondly, garbage contains a lot of moisture and hard-to-burn materials, so it burns badly. Incomplete combustion of garbage leads to the release of a huge amount of soot and harmful organic compounds.

Let us look at the example of European countries.

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Progressive technologies in the field of collection and processing of construction waste have been successfully applied in Western European countries for a long time, and there is a continuous process of their improvement.

The mechanism here, at first glance, is very simple: all construction waste from enterprises and the population is collected and then taken to specialized waste processing plants.

At these plants special equipment is installed, which allows to process the delivered bricks and concrete products into crushed stone, that is then used in construction of roads or landscaping.

Moreover, this mechanism is not expensive but brings profit to its participants. Therefore, everyone is interested in recycling the entire possible amount of garbage.

The whole process is thoroughly worked out. For example, a huge industry has been created in France for garbage disposal. The key to success is that there is a system of education of the entire population, starting with children, on the need for separate garbage collection and environmental protection. Therefore, companies need to take out and process already carefully sorted garbage.

The process of recycling brings dividends not only to companies but also to the state. The state is primarily responsible for the appropriate environmental education of the population.

In conclusion, we want to note that the above information shows that garbage disposal is not easy and unsafe. Therefore, it makes sense, along with the development of methods for its disposal, to somehow reduce the amount of garbage per capita. Also it is necessary to revise the system of education of the entire population to make them aware of the importance of separate garbage collection and environmental protection.

I.D. Filichkin, I.L. Dmitrieva

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

HOUSING DEVELOPMENT IN NIZHNY NOVGOROD

The purpose of the work is to explore the residential area Dubravniy in the city of Nizhny Novgorod, to explain why it is necessary to design new buildings and structures there and what sort of projects could be carried out in this particular area.

Nizhny Novgorod occupies the 1st place in terms of population among other settlements in the region. In the city there is a large number of superand hypermarkets, offices, business centres, sports facilities, recreation facilities, developed transport networks, just to name a few. Of course, it is an advantage of living in a big city. But today we would like to draw your attention to a very

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important problem. The inhabitants of the residential area Dubravniy have been facing this issue for several years. The village of Dubravniy is located within the boundaries of the city of Nizhny Novgorod in the Sormovskiy District. People living there are in despair – most of the residential dwellings in the area are dilapidated or practically ruined.

Why did we choose this particular area for future housing development? First of all, we want to replace these out-of-date, old-fashioned two-storeyed houses with more modern multi-storeyed buildings to make the Sormovsky district look more up-to-date. Secondly, it will help the inhabitants improve their living conditions. Moreover, if you design a project of a residential area of a large scale like this, you have a chance to introduce new construction technologies.

For the reasons mentioned above, we would suggest constructing high-rise buildings in that area. The future area project could be similar to the existing residential complexes, namely:

∙Burnakovskiy

∙Youzhniy

∙Marshal Grad.

Having studied the results of the survey into the soils of the area, we learnt that the soil in the Sormovsky district is slightly acidic. It means the soils are weak and only pile and slab foundations are allowed to be built there. As far as the houses are concerned, there could be erected either brick or prefabricated houses.

With regard to the environmental situation in the Sormovskiy district, in which the village under consideration is situated, it occupies the 2nd place in terms of air pollution in the city. Actually, there are some factors that greatly affect the environmental situation in the village of Dubravniy. And one of them is the location of the building project nearby the Sormovskaya Thermal Power Station. Thus, our project should be realized in close collaboration with environmental engineers.

Taking into consideration all the factors mentioned above we arrived at the conclusion that it is possible to build high-rise buildings in the residential area Dubravniy and they must be either brick or prefabricated houses raised on pile and slab foundations due to the type of the soil. While developing a project, we must collaborate with environmental engineers. And the project must be completed in the near future for the benefit of the citizens.

References

1.http://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200037436

2.http://sormlib.nnov.ru/kraevedenie/sor_adm/sor_ek/sor_ek2/ekolog

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A.A. Kozyaeva, A.V. Tsaplina, I.L. Dmitrieva

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

‘CITY ON THE WATER’ OR THE PROBLEM OF RAINWATER

DRAINAGE  

One of the most important issues of the city’s utility network is the functioning of the storm drain. In our project we would like to draw your attention to the problem of the state of the rainwater drainage utilities and their location in the city of Nizhny Novgorod.  This issue is relevant nowadays because each time it starts to rain we see that the storm drain does not cope with its task in most cases – when it rains heavily we witness floods of water in the streets of the city and how it sweeps everything away on its way. It also makes it impossible for the pedestrians to cross the road. 

Оur aim is to find out why, during the rains, most of the rainwater remains on the roads and find ways to correct this situation. Storm drainage on the roads is the priority question of the city’s infrastructure. It is designed to provide drainage and create favorable conditions for the movement of pedestrians and all means of transport throughout the city.

The engineering system can be of two types – spot and linear. As for the first type, a small number of rainwater collectors are usually used. They are installed under the drainpipes of buildings, which are then connected into a single unit of the main sewer. There is also a linear kind of the storm drain. This system provides for drainage not only from the buildings, but also from the surrounding area. Additional channels and connections deal with drainage and are connected to the system of rain collectors. They are designed for processing waste water and further diverting it into special collector pipes.

We studied how a storm drain appeared in Nizhny Novgorod. The question of the construction of sewerage system in the city of Nizhny Novgorod was raised a long time ago – in the 1880s. The sewerage project was approved in 1904, but its construction began only in 1914. In the 1930s, the length of sewerage networks already reached 70 kilometers. Later, in 1967 the Institute Giprokommunvodokanal developed a project of the rainwater drainage in the city. At the first stage, in 1974, treatment facilities (with the capacity of 600,000 m3/day) were launched. At the second stage, in 1991, the sewage treatment plants were built. And then the city drainage system worked at its full capacity.  

However, today we have a real problem with the sewerage system in the city of Nizhny Novgorod. At present, the average degree of the physical deterioration of the city’s storm sewerage is 90% with its total length of 430 kilometers. For the last 20 years no new storm drainage utilities have been built. To date, in Nizhny Novgorod there is no single citywide storm sewerage system, which would work as a single mechanism, ensuring the water diversion from the

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entire territory of the city. This situation leads to flooding of a large part of urban areas after each heavy rain. 

We found out that there is a project, which is being developed nowadays by the municipal engineers. According to the project, the storm drainage has to be repaired in the city in the near future. The authorities promise to have the project implemented by 2025. There is a resolution - Resolution of the administration of the city of Nizhny Novgorod dated 16.12.2015 No. 2859 – on approval of the scheme of water supply and sanitation of the city of Nizhny Novgorod for the future until the year of 2025.

We hope the concession agreement with the municipal engineering company Nizhny Novgorod Vodokanal will help to change the situation for the better. The existing rainwater sewerage will be modernized – upgraded or repaired and serviced in parallel to the new ones.

This network is still the city’s property. Therefore, it is the city’s balance sheet item. We must admit that it is a costly project – the modernization of the existing network will cost 160 million rubles. Half of the sum will be spent on repairs and the other half – on the maintenance of storm pumping stations. About 600 million rubles will be given for the financing of the new facilities and repair work will be carried out on the most problematic areas.

But in our opinion this will not ensure the elimination of the existing problem of flooding of the city streets. We consider the creation of a unified storm sewer network system to be the solution of this problem. By 2025, Nizhny Novgorod should complete the construction of a new storm sewerage network, which will require 20 billion rubles. That is the practical estimate of cost. That is why extra funding is required. The General Director of JSC Nizhny Novgorod Vodokanal assures us that we can count on the Federal funding within the framework of the concession agreement.

Having observed the performance of the existing rainwater drainage in the city of  Nizhny Novgorod, we conclude that it is in a deplorable state and is not efficient at all. After having studied the municipal project on the upgrading the storm sewerage in Nizhny Novgorod, we still hope that the planned measures will have been elaborated and put into practice by 2025 and the problem of effective rainwater drainage which is actually very acute for the citizens of Nizhny Novgorod will be successfully tackled.

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L.D. Hisamova, E.A. Aleshugina

Nizhny Novgorod state university of architecture and civil engineering

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

The article «shallow foundations» deals with a special type of foundation. The subject of this article is shallow foundations. The relevance of this topic is that this type of foundation can be used in any engineering and geological conditions and for any constructions. Most often it is used for the construction of the following types of buildings:

∙Wooden house;

∙Underground floors;

∙Houses that are made of lightweight materials (for example from autoclaved lightweight concrete);

∙Houses and brick buildings of small storeys.

A distinctive feature of shallow foundations is:

∙The load on the base is transmitted mainly through the sole of the

foundation;

∙The ratio of size (height and width) does not exceed 4 and is 40-50

cm;

∙Foundations are created in open pits or in cavities of a given shape, created in an array of soil.

This type of construction basis is divided both by the method of laying (prefabricated, monolithic, prefabricated-monolithic, column) [fig. 1] and by the type of material from which it is made (wood, stone, concrete, reinforced concrete).

The elements of the construction shallow foundations is:

∙Bleed – the upper plane of the Foundation on which the aboveground structures are rest;

∙Sole – the bottom plane in contact with the base;

∙Lateral parts.

Such foundations are not built directly on the ground, they are mounted on a cushion of sand, fine-grained rubble or slag, pre-stamped.

Advantages of shallow foundations are the following.

The minimum depth of the Foundation helps to reduce financial costs and time for its laying at least 2 times. Costs are reduced for the construction of 2-3 times.

Disadvantages of shallow foundations are the following.

Characteristic defects of this type of foundations are: destruction of the Foundation by aggressive groundwater; moistening of the underlying soil by

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precipitation or water from the water supply or Sewerage, which reduces the bearing capacity of the soil and others.

Figure 1. Shallow foundation:

a)Separate foundation

b)Strip foundation 1- Foundation

2- Column

3- Wall

In conclusion, it can be noted that shallow foundations are not in vain one of the most common types, because they are a universal basis suitable for the construction of almost all structures.

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E.D. Liubeznova, E.A. Aleshugina

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

WOOD IS THE MATERIAL OF FUTURE

Wood is one of the oldest building materials used on earth, but with the advent of concrete and steel, it was pushed off its pedestal. However, in recent years, the construction of wood becomes relevant again.

This is facilitated by many factors, one of the first and most important, the struggle for the environmental situation in the world.

With the growth of mankind, the volume of construction naturally increases, but the construction industry account for approximately a third of carbon emissions. In today's environmental conditions, it is not surprising that many countries have decided to look for more eco-logical ways and materials for construction. Then the wood has shown itself.

Thus, the production of steel and concrete requires a huge amount of energy, from the extraction of raw materials to transportation and installation. For example, the production of one cubic meter of concrete produces 410 kilograms of CO2 equivalent [Fig.1].

Figure 1. Diagram: Carbon emissions from manufacture of construction materials*

*The values above may vary depending on numerous factors, including energy type, transport and production methods. A life Cycle Analysis (LCA) usually compares functional units such as kg/m2 floor area in a floor structure. Carbon storage in wood is not reported in this diagram.

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Wood, in turn, accumulates carbon dioxide throughout its life. The process of delivering it to the construction site requires less energy, the most energy-intensive stage will be drying or harvesting of wooden elements, do not forget that the wood can be reused, including for energy, while the processing of other materials again requires energy. Moreover, most building materials have only one ecological cycle, unlike wood, which has two [Fig.2].

Figure.2 The ecological cycle of wood

Thus, wood is carbon-negative, which has already attracted the attention of many countries and companies. That proves the increase in the volume of wooden structures in construction, scientific research, as well as, modern construction programs in different countries.

For example, the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) recently released the study Tall Timber: A Global Audit on built, under construction and proposed towers. The report found that 21 timber buildings with a height of over 50 meters are set to be completed by 2019.

Canada has developed a zero-carbon plan, where the "Canada’s Earth Tower" [Fig.3] will be a prominent representative. The world tallest hybrid wooden building, 40 stories tall, using wood from sustainably managed forests.

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