leave the cups for some time so that the bacteria can grow. After a certain time, we analyze the result.
As a result, 5 handwipes were made, taken from: dirty hands [Fig. 1], hands rinsed with tap water [Fig. 2], hands rinsed with tap water after 2 hours [Fig. 3], hands washed with antibacterial soap [Fig. 4] and hands washed with antibacterial soap after 2 hours. [Fig.5]
The following are the results of this study in the form of graphic materials. Next, the number of Colony Forming Units (CFU) in each Petri dish (the results are shown in Table 1) was calculated and a schedule was drawn for
handwipes which have a time dependence. [Fig. 6]
So we can conclude that any environmental factor is dynamic, changeable in time and space.
Figure 1. Macro features of observed colonies of handwipe taken from dirty hands.
Figure 2. Macro features of observed colonies of handwipe taken from hands rinsed with tap water.
Figure 3. Macro features of observed colonies of handwipe taken from hands rinsed with tap water after 2 hours.
Figure 4. Macro features of observed colonies of handwipe taken from hands washed with antibacterial soap.
Figure 5. Macro features of observed colonies of handwipe taken from hands washed with antibacterial soap after 2 hours.
Also factors may also be of varying intensity (in lack, in normal, or in excess). The temperature of the environment, for example, is high, medium or low. It is also worth noting that environmental factors affect the organism not one
481
by one, but in complex. With their complex effects, the value of individual environmental factors is unequal.
Figure 6. Depending the handwipes at the time.
Table 1. The number of CFU in handwipes |
Handwipes |
CFU |
|
|
dirty hands |
248 |
|
|
hands rinsed with tap water |
231 |
|
|
hands rinsed with tap water after 2 hours |
73 |
|
|
hands washed with antibacterial soap |
122 |
|
|
hands washed with antibacterial soap after 2 |
153 |
hours |
|
Experimentally it was determined the content of bacteria on the hands. It shows that most of the microorganisms were contained in dirty hands because in the Petri dish, where were sown from the washout of dirty hand, the CFU were the most. A slightly smaller amount was obtained in the handwipe from hands rinsed with tap water. The difference compared with dirty hands was only 19 CFU.
On the liner chart we can see that after 2 hours the handwipes from the hands rinsed with tap water contained 3 times less CFU. This can be referring to the fact that during 2 hours most of the microorganisms could be removed from the hands by the fact that during 2 hours various activities were carried out.
The reverse situation can be observed on the liner chart of handwipes which made immediately after washing hands with antibacterial soap and 2 hours later. During this time, the number of microorganisms in the hands increased, accordingly, in the seeding the number of CFU’s increased. This situation can be
explained by the fact that in the time interval in which the experiments were carried out, the hands were almost not involved.
V.V. Voronova, E.A. Aleshugina
Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering
THE PROJECT OF CINEMA CONSTRUCTION FOR 250 PEOPLE
Cinemas are the most popular entertainment buildings to date.
Cinemas are one of the most beloved places that modern youth prefers.
You can watch the long-awaited film, relax and make a date or a friendly meeting in the cinema. Many large modern cinemas have cafes and playing areas where you can have fun.
Due to such great popularity we can conclude that building your own cinema is a rather promising type of business.
Thus, the object of the research is a cinema and peculiarities of its construction.
What does a cinema consist of?
The main room of the cinema is an auditorium with a large screen and a sound reproduction system consisting of several loudspeakers that provide surround sound.
This work presents a project of cinema with an auditorium with a seating capacity of 250 seats.
The cinema is located in a residential district of the city of Nizhny Novgorod in an area with a calm relief.
The cinema is equipped with a broad screen.
General plan.
This cinema is located in a residential district of the city.
The location of the cinema is convenient for approaching and evacuating visitors, isolated and at the same time well connected with public transport (Pic.1).
There are tree planting around the building.
Road in front of the cinema are paved, there are benches.
All this contributes to the relaxation of cinema visitors. Convenient car parking is available near the cinema.
Passage and walkways are associated with the city network of streets and
Pic. 1 Scheme planning organization land
Pic. 2 Plan at 0,000
roads.
Space-planning solution.
The projected cinema has two floors: the height of the first and second floors is 3.6 meters. There are a foyer, a buffet, administrative premises, an auditorium, office and utility rooms on the ground floor. The foyer area is supposed to be used as recreation and waiting areas for visitors before the movie show.
Foyer communicates with a buffet and bathrooms. A staircase is used to connect the first and second floors. There is a film project, office and utility rooms on the second floor.
Architectural and planning decision.
The projected cinema is supposed to be used as a cinema of year-round action, a feature film.
The cinema is designed as a single-screen with a foyer in the form of an independent
building with a seating capacity of 250 people.
The cinema premises are divided into three groups: the visual complex, the cinema - the hardware complex, and the office - utility rooms (Pic.2).
The compositional scheme of the cinema building is quite simple: from the foyer the premises of the visual complex, the administrative, the pantry and the utility rooms are grouped in different directions.
The main premises of the cinema is the auditorium. Its layout meets the requirements of good
visibility of the screen without distortion from all spectator seats and creates good acoustic conditions. The hall area is fully utilized; walkways are conveniently placed, as well as entrances and exits. The best visibility is achieved when the seats are positioned with an amphitheater with the floor rising to the back rows. The height of the hall is determined by the placement of seats, the height of the screen and acoustic calculation.
The composition and area of office and utility premises are also adopted in accordance with SNiP. Utility rooms and buffet have an independent exit to the outside.
Architectural and artistic solution.
When designing buildings to ensure the harmonious connection of all its parts and achieve the greatest artistic expressiveness of the entire building, an artistic tool as asymmetry was also used (Pic.3). The asymmetric composition of the cinema was predetermined by functional features and made it possible to clearly divide and at the same time link together parts of the cinema that were different in functions: administrative rooms and an auditorium.
The perception of architectural space is also affected by color. As a coloring, warm pastel tones are applied.
Pic. 3 Facade 1-10
Thus, the work on the construction of the cinema is completed.
S.S. Zhadeeva, E.B. Mikhailova
Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering
AN ANALYSIS OF MODERN SEISMIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS.
DAMPERS.
In the era of high technology people are trying to control all the processes taking place around them. They are looking for ways to reduce the possible damage from natural disasters or even prevent them.
As this problem is important, we set ourselves a task to research modern seismic protection devices and examine their usage in real modern buildings.
Today more than 100 patented designs of seismic protection of buildings and constructions are known. A wide acquaintance with literature and internet resources has convinced us that the most widely used in practice are the methods of seismic protection of structures that do not use additional energy sources: seismic isolation and seismic suppression.
Seismic isolation is a process that reduces the seismic impact on the building body. This is done by installing special systems and elements between the foundation of the building and the part located above.
In case of seismic suppression dampers are used. The object of our exploration in this work is dampers. During the operation of these devices, the mechanical energy of the oscillating structure passes into other types of energy. Thus, the oscillations are damped [1].
In construction, a damper is a device designed to reduce or extinguish (damp) pulsations or vibrations appearing in mechanisms, devices of buildings and structures.
All damping devices used in the practice of seismic construction can be divided into mechanical (dry friction) and hydraulic [2].
The dry friction damper is a sleeve made of elastic material, which is attached to the vibration-insulating base by means of a node (Pic. 1).The sleeve is located in the middle of the device, and its side surfaces are adjacent to the petal springs. Another very important element of the dry friction damper is a cable, one end of which is attached to the vibration isolating base to fix the device, and at the other end a spring is fixed. Since the spring petals are not attached to the damper bushing, periodic oscillations occur in the device. This is one of the disadvantages of the dry friction damper.
1, 2 – upper and lower support plates;
3, 4 – upper and lower discs; 5, 6 – springs;
7, 8 – asymmetric concentric grooves;
9 – lower base plate;
10 – sleeve made of elastic material.
Picture 1. Cross-section of dry friction damper.
The hydraulic damper is a cylindrical body in which the piston is placed with some clearance (Pic. 2.). In this gap there is a damping liquid, which consists of two components. One of them should have a higher viscosity, but a lower specific gravity, and the other – on the contrary. Energy dissipation (the main purpose of dampers) is due to the forces of viscous drag because of which it is impossible to flow liquid or viscous substance under pressure. Volatilization of energy occurs when the piston moves in the horizontal and vertical planes.
Picture 2. The hydraulic damper.
Such dampers are quite expensive, because they use a scarce viscous liquid. In addition, they require periodic inspection during operation. In this regard, in the practice of seismic construction in our country, they have not found practical application. But there are examples of the use of such a system of seismic protection abroad.
In 2003 the skyscraper “Taipei 101” was built in the capital of Taiwan – Taipei. Seismic activity in China is quite large, and, erecting such a high-rise building, it was essential to think about its seismic protection. The solution was found: Thornton-Tomasetti Engineers together with The Evergreen Consulting Engineering have created the latest seismic protection device during the construction of “Taipei 101” – a steel pendulum weighing more than 700 tons. Its sphere, the largest in the world, consists of 41 steel plates, each 125 mm thick, which together is 5.4 m in diameter.
The pendulum is an inertial damper for this skyscraper. Between 87 and 92 floors the pendulum is suspended on sixteen high-strength slings and during strong wind it comes into action. The pendulum does not work independently, but with the help of eight viscous damping devices. They are hydraulic shock absorbers. When the pendulum moves, a viscous liquid is released from the dampers through small holes, which absorbs wind energy. Under normal conditions, the amplitude of the pendulum oscillation is within 10 sm. With more significant movements, the pendulum begins to swing in amplitude, reaching 1.5 m. However, at such a strong deviation the building can be damaged. Therefore, on achievement of fluctuation amplitude of over 1.5 m the pendulum will meet a ring of the buffer-limiter, which in turn is provided with eight additional viscous dampers, called guards.
The pendulum is not the only means of seismic protection of “Taipei 101”. At the top of the spire there are 2 more vibration dampers, weighing 6 tons each. They maintain the immobility of the upper part of the building. Energy from wind loads is extinguished by springs located under the dampers [3].
487
This article presents only a small part of information about modern seismic protection systems used in construction in seismically hazardous areas, the greatest effect is usually achieved with the simultaneous use of several types of active seismic protection systems.
References
1.Polyakov S.V., Kilimnik L.S., Cherkashin A.V. Modern methods of seismic protection of buildings. Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1989. 320 p.
2.Arutyunyan A.R. Modern methods of seismic isolation of buildings and structures. // Civil engineering journal. № 3, 2010.
3.Korolyova K.G., Khoudyakova S.V. Dampfer. Access mode: https://ardexpert.ru/article/9967.
Petrov V.A., Ermolina A.K., E.A. Aleshugina
Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering
PERSPECTIVES OF GAMING INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA
The article considers the problem of perspective of gaming industry development in Russia. The problem is relevant because gaming industry appeared in the middle of 1970s. And since then it has evolved beyond recognition over the past few decades.
If earlier the games were rather primitive with simple pixel graphics and two-dimensional space, then nowadays the graphics has reached a new level in games. Lots of devices, allowing you to have full immersion in gaming world, began to appear with gaming industry development.
Today tha gaming industry is developing in a large number of areas, from the usual pastime in games to the whole official sport. [Fig. 1-2]
Figures 1-2. Gaming Industry
Games have become an integral part of most people's lives. Nowadays it brings a lot of benefits: the development of imagination and logic of children; language training; moral rest; obtaining certain knowledge and skills.
The object of our research is gaming industry.
The objectives of the work are to get acquainted with the situation of gaming industry in the world, analyze the gaming market in our country, consider all possible perspectives of gaming industry development and explain the importance of this area development in our country.
Bringing a certain income, gaming industry also affects the country's economy. It can contribute to the creation of jobs for people, which is good for reducing unemployment. And every year the game and everything connected with it become more popular among people, thereby increasing the gaming market. Watching the increase in the volume of the global gaming market, it is easy to understand that the relevance of this topic will grow every year. So, the development of gaming industry in our country is a very relevant topic and could help solve many problems. [Fig. 3]
Figure 3 Development of Gaming Industry in Russia
Naturally, any companies in gaming fields need specialists. Work is quite promising and interesting in such companies. It can attract a large number of people, especially those who cannot find themselves in other areas for a long time.
This is good enough for reducing unemployment in the country. The rating of the largest companies by staff:
•Ubisoft — 10,7K people
•Activision Blizzard — 9K people
•Electronic Arts — 8,5K people
•Sony PlayStation — 8,3K people
•Nintendo — 5K people
•Square Enix — 3,9K people
•Take Two (2K & Rockstar) — 2,9K people
•Capcom — 2,8K people
•Koei Tecmo — 1,6K people
The revenue of companies specializing in the development and sale of video games is billions of dollars.
