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health benefits of the hot springs and the many theatres and other places of entertainment. The best preserved Roman site in the city is the Roman Baths complex, many features the Sacred Spring, the Roman Temple and the Roman Bath House. Despite the extensive damage the city sustained from bombing in World War II, it also has many fine examples of Georgian architecture in the Palladian revival style. One of the finest examples is the Circus, which is believed to have been inspired by the Colosseum in Rome [Picture 2].

Pic. 2 Bath in England

Agra is a medieval city on the banks of the river Yamuna and is famous for having once been the capital of the Mughal Empire. It has three World Heritage Sites from the Mughal Era. The most important of these is the Taj Mahal, which is not only a World Heritage Site but is also one of the New Seven Wonders of the World. The Taj Mahal is a masterpiece of symmetry and when viewed at a distance appears to float in the air. It was originally built as a mausoleum for the favorite wife of one of the Mughal Emperors. The other major sites of interest is the red sandstone Agra Fort, and the Fatehpur Sikri, a city built on the outskirts of Agra in the form of a Mughal military camp. Agra also has a long tradition as a centre of learning and literature [Picture 3].

The Hermitage Museum in St Petersburg, Russia, is the largest art gallery in the world, with over three million works ranging from Michelangelo to Matisse. The collections are displayed in a vast complex of six buildings, including the Winter Palace, the official residence of the Russian Tsars. The Hermitage collection began as the private collection of the Empress Catherine the Great and was substantially expanded by succeeding Tsar, as well as the Soviet State, into the superb collection it is today [Picture 4].

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A.M. Abramov1, E.A. Belous2

1 MAOU School №187 of Nizhny Novgorod,

2 Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil

Engineering

“LONDON” IN NIZHNY NOVGOROD

The research work entitled ““London” in Nizhny Novgorod” is devoted to the study of the similarities of two great cities. There are many magnificent buildings in Nizhny Novgorod. Among them, it is interesting to find the examples that will have some common features with the buildings in London.

The core objective of the research is to find examples that will bring together such different cities as London and Nizhny Novgorod.

The Palace of Westminster was the residence of the kings of England until the 16th century (Fig.1). After the Great Fire, only the Reception Hall and the Jewel Tower survived. The Palace was reconstructed in the neo-Gothic style. It was built in 1840-1870 according to the project of Charles Barry. From a distance, the wide scope and almost classical severity of the palace facades are impressive.

It is possible to find a building in neo-Gothic style in the city of Nizhny Novgorod. It is The Rukavishnikov manufacturers' dynasty trading house which was built according to the design of the architect F. O. Shekhtel at the beginning of the 20th century (Fig.2). The building has a complex neo-gothic silhouette and is designed for viewing from the river. The building belonged to the merchant and philanthropist Sergei Rukavishnikov. The architect created an imitation of buttresses. They are completed by a pointed pinnacle turret. The building is well preserved, the ceramic tiles on the facade turned out to be very undemanding for repair, the original Villeroy & Boch hexagonal tiles remained on the floor. The columns with capitals were also preserved.

Westminster Cathedral is the main Catholic temple in England and Wales (Fig.3). It has unusual neo-Byzantine architecture and a high bell tower. It was

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built in 1895-1903. First, Gothic style should have been there, but it was too expensive. Local architects used Neo-Byzantine style, which required cheaper materials. The Cathedral was built of red brick, designed by John Francis Bentley. John Betjeman called it "a masterpiece in striped brick and stone" and said that it shows that "the good craftsman has no need of steel or concrete".

A variation of Neo-Byzantine style in Russia is known as RussianByzantine style. It is often used in church architecture. An example of this style in the city of Nizhny Novgorod is the Spaso-Preobrazhenskyi Cathedral in Sormovsky City district (Fig.4). It was built by a famous Nizhny Novgorod architect Pavel Malinovsky in 1905. In temples, domes are usually squat and located on wide low drums. The central dome is larger than others.

Classicism, as a direction of architecture, was formed in Great Britain in the first half of the 17th century. The most famous follower is the architect Christopher Ren. After the fire in London in 1666, many objects were built under his leadership. The main and most significant building is St. Paul's Cathedral (Fig.5). The very first person buried in the tomb of the cathedral was Christopher Ren.

In Nizhny Novgorod, in the style of late classicism, the building of the Spassky Old Fair Cathedral was erected on the territory of Nizhny Novgorod Fair in 1816-1822. According to the canons, the cathedral is decorated with strict porticoes with columns on all four sides. Powerful drums, which serve as the basis for the five domes, are decorated with slotted windows and half columns. The author of the project was Auguste Monferran, the creator of Isaakievskiy Cathedral in St. Petersburg. It is believed that the cathedral in Nizhny Novgorod was built according to one of 24 drawings submitted by Monferran to Emperor Alexander Pavlovich (Fig.6).

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N.M. Abramov1, E.A. Belous2

1 MBOU Gymnasium №13 of Nizhny Novgorod,

2 Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil

Engineering

A WALK ALONG THE CENTRAL STREET OF NIZHNY NOVGOROD,

ITS FAMOUS RESIDENTS

The research entitled “A walk along the central street of Nizhny Novgorod” is devoted to the study of landmarks in the city centre.

The relevance of the work is considerable as Nizhny Novgorod is one of the most beautiful cities in Russia. It is vital to study its sightseeings to preserve them for future generations.

It would be nice to conduct a short tour along Ulyanov Street. It is possible to call it native because my great-grandparents lived on it, and our family carefully keeps memories of people who lived in the neighborhood.

Before the revolution, the street was called Tikhonovskaya. It got its name from the church, which was on the site of the current house No. 5. In the Soviet years, it was renamed in honor of Lenin's father, Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov, who taught physics at Nizhny Novgorod gymnasium (now Kozma Minin Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University).

House number 2 in Ulyanov Street is practically in Minin Square. The rooms in this house were rented by visitors. Decembrists (Obolensky, Muravyov, Davydov) stayed in this house on their way to Siberia; in 1833 Alexander Pushkin stayed there, and Taras Shevchenko also visited it.

House number 8 in Ulyanov Street is the one where Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin stayed in 1812-1813. When Moscow was occupied by Napoleon in 1812, our city became the rear of salvation. Remaining in Nizhny Novgorod, Karamzin continued to work on the main work of his life - “History of the Russian State”, the 7th volume was written there. This building was called the "house of writers." This wooden house is the oldest in Nizhny Novgorod!

The street was business and medical: the first psychiatric hospital in the city was built there. It appeared in 1837 and collected the mentally ill from all the monasteries of the region, because before that, only monks helped them. In the city there was a saying: "If you rage, you will be taken to Tikhonovskaya." At the end of the 19th century, the legendary doctor Peter Kashchenko worked there. Kashchenko helped the revolutionaries. Printing machines were kept in the hospital building, leaflets were also made there.

Sergei Mitskevich worked there, in the hospital, and lived in a house nearby. But he became more famous as a revolutionary, as he was one of the first Lenin’s comrades-in-arms. Meetings were held in the house, and the organization, demonstrations and strikes were discussed.

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There is a house N 43/10 of the revolutionary P.N. Skvortsov in Ulyanov Street. This house was built in 1842 according to the project of Nizhny Novgorod architect G. Kizevetter. In 1892-1893 the first Nizhny Novgorod Marxist Pavel Nikolaevich Skvortsov lived there. People remembered him as a man who was wearing a coat and ragged shoes in winter and summer. It is believed that Skvortsov greatly influenced Lenin, who came to Nizhny to meet with him and Mickiewicz.

In 1916, the building of the Peasant Bank was built, which now houses the Chkalov Palace of Children's Creativity. The latest equipment was installed at that time: steam boilers for heating, bronze taps, American blinds, an electrical alarm and an internal telephone connection.

In the yard of the house number 34, there is a beautiful red brick building under number 34 A. The architect N.P. Ivanov lived in it. The first Main Fair House was designed by engineer A. Betancourt and architect O. Montferrand. But then it began to collapse. Ivanov presented a new project, according to which the Main House, which is the pearl of Nizhny Novgorod Fair, was built. The construction began in June 1889. And in July 1890, the new Main House started receiving visitors.

In the XX century scientists began to settle on the street. In the 1940s, a student of the Polytechnic Institute Rostislav Alekseev and his wife moved there. Now there is a plaque on the house in honor of the legendary inventor of ekranoplanes and hovercrafts. His relatives are still living there, so furniture and things are preserved there.

In the house 54A there lived Rozhdestvenskaya Tatyana Petrovna, the Honored Artist. She worked all her life in Nizhny Novgorod Drama Theatre. She was the head of artistic words club at the Chkalov Palace of Pioneers. It is also critical to tell a few words about her son, Dmitry Alexandrov, who headed the department of physical education at the Agricultural Institute. He was the man who brought badminton to the city in 1964. It was Aleksandrov who became the first president of the regional federation; it was he who took the Gorky team to the first official tournament (the championship in Krasnodar). They took the 16th place among 17 teams. In 1965, there was a competition in Gorky with teams from ten cities of the Soviet Union, and our badminton players were the fourth. From the late sixties to the mid-eighties, Gorky was the leading centre of badminton in the Soviet Union. And now badminton is an Olympic sport!

Today Ulyanov Street is the street of lively and visual history. It is great to walk along this small street, read the memorial plaques that can be seen on almost every house and remember great residents of Nizhny Novgorod who used to live there.

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T.S. Sokolova1 , E.A. Aleshugina2

1 School 14, N.Novgorod,

2Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

MAIN CHARACTER’S SPIRITUAL TORMENTS IN THE NOVEL

“WAR AND PEACE” BY L.N. TOLSTOY

“War and peace” is one of the most famous books in the World, written by Russian author Leo Tolstoy. The novel published serially, then in its entirety in 1869. There is no doubt that this novel is one of the most important works of world literature.

The “War and peace” tells the story of Russian society in the era of the wars against Napoleon.

“War and Peace” still has not lost its relevance. The problems from this novel interest people after 150 years after its publication. One of them is main characters’ spiritual torments. Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov are two the most significant characters, because of their fates.

Andrei Bolkonsky is the son of Russian general Nikolai Bolkonsky, who educated Andrei and his sister Maria in severity. His way of life was not easy. In the beginning of the novel Andrei married Lisa who was pregnant. It is hard to say that Bolkonsky loved Lisa, because many times he found her too boring for him. Andrei left his wife and his future son to join the army in the war. He wanted to reach fame and recognition at the Battle of Austerlitz. Andrei was wounded there, at the same time when he was lying under Austerlitz sky, he understood that he mistaken about his dreams and values: “…all is vanity and deception, except that boundless sky.” Andrei came back home when Lisa was dying giving birth to a child. He was shocked about this, because had been regretting of his behavior with wife, and at the moment of his arrival, Lisa died.

In 1809 when Andrei arrived to Petersburg where he was introduced to Countess Natasha Rostova for the first time. They loved each other and Andrei really wanted to marry Natasha, but his father was against this idea and asked his son to wait for year with this decision. Andrei went on a European tour. In Andrei's absence, Natasha was interested in the libertine Prince Anatole Kuragin. Because of Natasha’s mistake, all plans about her marriage with Andrei were collapsed.

Andrei Bolkonsky gone to the War in 1812 with intention to protect the country. He was seriously wounded in the stomach. He had an opportunity to see Natasha one more time. Before he died in her care, he forgave Natasha and Anatole.

The way of Andrei life’s is he way from conceited and haughty person to honest and wise man.

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Another important character in “War and Peace” is Pierre Bezukhov. Pierre was a young man returned to Russia after completing education abroad. He was kind and mercy, but he was out of place in the Russian high society.

Pierre's life changed when his father left him a huge inheritance. His position in society was changed from that of an illegitimate son to the Count Bezukhov. He was confused about his new life. He was married ignoble Helene who was not in love with Pierre, and had affairs. After the divorce, Pierre was interested in Freemasonry. He believed that this experience could change his life and would help him to understand himself better. Pierre went to the War, when he could not to do it. The War changed him very much. In the end of the novel, Pierre Bezukhov married Natasha and they were happy family. Pierre became a confident and strong man from embarrassed and confused youth. Despite all his troubles, Pierre remained kind and hearted.

Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov were good friends. They both were not interested in money and society. The ground of their friendship were true gentle feelings. They were living their best life in different times, but it was not an obstacle to support each other.

To sum up, I would like to say that “War and Peace” is one of the most significant books for culture. The problems of friendship, love, spiritual torments, World without peace will excite people.

References:

1.“War and Peace” L.N. Tolstoy

2.https://arzamas.academy/special/ruslit/episodes/16

3.https://a4format.ru/pdf_files_bio2/4772b635.pdf

A.S. Papkova1, Е.V. Kartseva2

1MBEI Lyceum 40 Nizhny Novgorod,

2Nizhny Novgorod State University for Architecture and Building

TEAMS, LEADERSHIP IN PROJECTS AND PROJECT CULTURE

The relevance of the topic lies in the problems of applying the fundamental concepts of project management in connection with the widespread use of the method and its inclusion in the curriculum structure of Nizhny Novgorod schools, lyceums and gymnasiums, specifically lyceum No. 40, for the development of students' analytical thinking.

Personal participation in research projects has become the basis for further (subsequent) analysis of the optimality of the project organization form of the type “leader - researcher”, providing minimum requirements for the number of team members and its structure. The difference in the level of knowledge, the

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inability to discuss emerging issues with students of their level, influenced the results of the work. So a new problem arose, which determined the need for analysis of the features of the project management organization and the requirements for the participants of the research project.

The paper used methods of searching for information in key terms, a comparative analysis of research results on the application of the project method.

The results of the work contain conclusions on the advisability of introducing an optional course on the basics of project management in senior groups of school and the organization of extended research groups of up to 3-4 participants, including a scientific adviser (project manager).

English-speakers commonly use the word "team" in today's society to characterize many types of groups. According to the team approach to leadership, a team is a type of organizational group of people that are members.

Teamwork is the collaborative effort of a group to achieve a common goal or to complete a task in the most effective and efficient way. Basic requirements for effective teamwork are an adequate team size. The context is important, and team sizes can vary depending upon the objective. A team must include at least 2 or more members, and most teams range in size from 2 to 100. Teams need to be able to leverage resources to be productive and clearly defined roles within the team in order for everyone to have a clear purpose. Teamwork is present in any context where a group of people are working together to achieve a common goal. The level of teamwork and interdependence can vary from low to high, depending on the amount of communication, interaction, and collaboration present between team members.

A typical characteristic of teams is that the abilities of the team members complement each other and the cohesion is higher than in groups. The work in teams requires a minimal amount of mutual trust and the building of "team spirit"

Teams can be perceived as social systems. Extending the typology of social systems developed groups and teams are social systems to be ranked between interactions and organizations [1].

Fig.1 – Typology of social system.

The selection of the project manager is made by the project owner team. The selection of the remaining project team members is made by the project

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