Кондратева Импрове ёур Енглиш 2011

The movement followed through the microscope was zigzag.

Движение, за которым проследили в микроскоп, было зигзагообразным.

Ex.4.Translate into Russian.

1.The lecture followed by an experiment was…

2.The method followed by us gave…

3.The scientists following this method investigated…

4.Cooling following heating gave…

5.Cooling followed by heating was…

6.Rutherford's research work followed by many experiments of other scientists proved that…

Примечание. Оборот Participle II/I + Infinitive типа: expected to reach; expecting to reach.

Electrostatic machines expected to reach an energy of 15 MeV are under construction now.

В настоящее время ведутся работы по созданию электрических машин, которые, как ожидают, обеспечат получение энергии, равное 15 МэВ.

Ex.5.Translate into Russian.

1.The device known to be used for…

2.A substance thought to possess this property was…

3.Reactions appearing to occur at this temperature are…

4.The phenomenon expected to be investigated is…

5.The method suggested to be applied in the experiment is…

6.Bodies said to be rigid are…

Запомните:

a) given — если дано, если имеется, если; b)granted — если допустить;

с) seen — если рассматривать; d)stated — если сформулировать.

Ex.6.Translate into Russian.

1.Given its angular diameter, the linear diameter of the Sun…

2.Given the weight and the specific gravity of a body, you can calculate its volume.

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3.Seen in this context, the ranges of applicability and reliability of the method may be assessed.

4.Stated in a simple form the hypothesis runs as follows.

5.In our immediate vicinity are other worlds m which life, as we know it, would have the greatest difficulty of survival, even granted it might at one time have originated there.

Запомните:

whenever — всякий раз, когда when doing — делая что-либо

when done — когда что-либо сделано unless done — если не сделать

unless otherwise stated/ indicated… — за исключением того слу-

чая, который оговорен особо though –хотя

even though — даже если

when exposed to light/ radiation… — под действием света/ радиа-

ции

as opposed/ as contrasted — в противоположность

The Absolute Participle Construction

Независимый причастный оборот

Независимый причастный оборот в начале предложения:

(with)Subject + Participle, Subject + Predicate.

Т.к., когда, если… После того как… Теперь, когда…

The subject being interesting, the paper was discussed at the conference.

Так как тема была интересной, доклад обсуждался на конференции.

Независимый причастный оборот в конце предложения:

Subject + Predicate, (with) Subject + Participle.

…, причем, а, и …, при этом

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The paper was discussed at the conference, a lot of well-known scientists participating at the conference.

Доклад обсуждался на конференции, и многие известные ученые приняли участие в его обсуждении.

Ex.1.Translate into Russian.

1.Many technical and scientific problems having been solved, the first space flights could be realized.

2.The limit of cold is reached at approximately — 273 degrees Celsius, the temperature being known in physics as an absolute zero.

3.The space pilot carried out the flight program, the spaceship made a soft landing in a predetermined area.

4.Probably the first metals used by men were gold, silver and copper, these metals being found in nature.

5.The nucleus of an ordinary hydrogen atom consists of one proton, with one electron moving around it.

Ex.2.Translate into Russian.

1.The fuel having been exhausted (израсходовано), the engine stopped.

2.Electrons moving through a wire, electrical energy is generated.

3.A magnet is broken into two parts, each part becoming a magnet with its own pair of poles.

4.Several methods are proposed here, photography being the most effective one.

5.An electron leaving the surface, the metal becomes positively charged.

6.The temperature of the conductor being raised, the motion of electrons increases too.

Ex.3. Translate into Russian.

1.Insulated the wire may be used as a conductor.

2.While colliding with electrons all three types of rays dislodge them from atoms.

3.According to the data obtained the test was successful.

4.Placed in a strong magnetic field iron becomes magnetized.

5.Cosmic rays bombarding the upper atmosphere reach the surface of the earth.

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6. The rules concerned must be obeyed.

Complex Object with the Participle

Причастие в составе сложного дополнения

Этот оборот сходен с соответствующим инфинитивным оборотом и выражает действие в его процессе; на русский язык переводится дополнительным придаточным предложением, вводимым союзами «что, как» и т.д.

We watched them carrying out that unusual experiment.

Мы наблюдали, как они проводили этот необычный эксперимент.

We find the Egyptians well acquainted with the manufacture of glass.

Мы находим, что египтяне были хорошо знакомы с производством стекла.

Примечание. В данном обороте причастие может вводится союзом as:

We consider matter as being built up of atoms.

Мы считаем, что материя состоит из атомов.

Мы рассматриваем материю, как состоящую из атомов.

Ex.1.Translate into Russian.

1.We watched them carrying out that experiment.

2.They observed the rocket being launched.

3.We heard the signal given.

4.We consider the atom as being built up…

5.We may consider this substance as consisting of…

Complex Subject with the Participle

Причастие в составе сложного подлежащего

Данный оборот также сходен с соответствующим инфинитивным оборотом и выражает действие в его процессе; переводится такой оборот, начиная с глагола в страдательном залоге, сам оборот переводится дополнительным придаточным предложением, вводимым союзом «что».

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Protons were observed leaving various elements.

Было замечено, что(как) протоны вылетают из различных элементов.

Примечание. Причастие может вводиться союзом as. В таком случае, кроме указанного выше перевода, возможен дословный.

Substances are defined as having a definite invariant composition.

Определено, что вещества имеют определенный неизменный состав. Вещества определяются, как имеющие определенный неизменный состав.

Ex.1.Translate into Russian.

1.These particles can be observed rising from…

2.This matter was shown as consisting of…

3.Each hydrogen atom is believed as having…

4.This substance is considered as being built up of…

5.All matter should be regarded as built up of atoms.

Ex.2.Translate into Russian.

1.Under these conditions, we may treat the corpuscle as consisting of a group of waves having nearly identical frequencies.

2.Several rays of light are shown passing from medium 2 to medium in which their velocity is greater.

3.To the writer's knowledge similar rocks have not been reported as existing elsewhere.

4.From the northern station Venus is seen projected upon the sun's surface.

5.This new insulating material is reported as being used for covering electric wires.

6.A processor has three registers, temporary storage of one word being provided by each of them.

7.The coding for some of the more commonlv used characters are given in Figure 8.

Modal Verbs (Модальные глаголы)

“Must”, “should”, “ought to”, “could”, “may”, “might”, “would” with Indefinite Infinitive

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Note. Глаголы could, might и would также употребляются в вежливой форме вопроса, просьбы или предложения что-то сделать.

Could you wait for me?

You might look up this word in a dictionary.

Would you stay a little longer?

Would you like another cup of tea?

“Must”, “may”, “might” and “could” with Continuous Infinitive

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Note. Глагол must в значении должно быть (вероятно) в отрицательной и вопросительной форме не употребляется. Вместо него употребляются слова evidently, obviously и др.

Compare:

“Must”, “may”, “might”, “should”, “ought to”, “would”, “can” and “could” with Perfect Infinitive

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Note 1. Глагол might может также выражать упрек или сожаление о невыполненном действии.

You might do it yourself. Вы могли бы сделать это сами. (относится к настоящему или будущему времени)

He might have sent me the invitation earlier. Он мог бы послать мне приглашение раньше. (относится к прошедшему времени)

Note 2. Глаголы should и ought to в отрицательной форме в сочетании с Perfect Infinitive выражают упрек или сожаление по поводу совершенного действия в прошлом.

Compare:

You should (ought to) have greeted him first (but you didn’t). Вам (бы) следовало поздороваться с ним первым. (необходимость совершения действия, которое не было совершено)

You shouldn’t (oughtn’t to) have greeted him first (but you did). Вам не следовало бы здороваться с ним первым. (упрек, сожаление по поводу совершенного действия)

Note 3. Глаголы can и could в отрицательной форме в сочетании с Perfect Infinitive выражают крайнее удивление или сомнение.

Compare:

He could have made such a mistake. (I think it’s possible.) Он мог бы (мог) сде-

лать подобную ошибку. (предположение, возможность)

He (can’t) couldn’t have made such a mistake. (I think it’s impossible.) Не может быть, чтобы (неужели) он сделал подобную ошибку. (удивление, сомнение)

Note 4. Модальные глаголы в сочетании с Indefinite Infinitive (Active and Passive) могут выражать отношение к действию или состоянию в настоящем или будущем, в сочетании с Perfect Infinitive (Active and Passive) – отношение к действию или состоя-

нию в прошлом.

Compare:

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It would have been nice to see you at the party. Why didn’t you come?

Ex.1. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to Modal Verbs.

1.In every decision, there comes a crucial point when you must make up your mind.

2.The owner of the suitcase must have been healthy there were no medicine bottles in it.

3.If the weather had been nicer, we could have gone out.

4.In your place I might have done the same thing.

5.He could have avoided these problems if he had followed your ad-

vice.

6.At the moment they may be talking about tomorrow’s reception.

7.You could have told me!

Ex. 2. Translate into Russian.

1.A reduction in nuclear defenses may well increase the likelihood of a nuclear war.

2.She can’t have tested this device. I’ll never believe it.

3.An adequate amount of heat must be supplied to melt the metal.

4.We tried to solidify the substance but it would not, for the pressure was too low.

5.Nitric acid does not occur free in nature, but its salts are to be found in all fertile soils.

6.Various suggestions have been made, but before we can pass judgment on them, we probably ought to have more detailed knowledge on the problem involved.

7.Such materials could have been used to produce colour effects.

8.Attempts to find it by experiment must have been based on faulty reasoning.

9.He cannot/could not have made such a mistake.

10.At all times there were ideas which should/ought to have been given more attention to than they actually were.

11.They cannot have denied the fact that the old theory was not valid for these conditions.

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Subjunctive Mood (Сослагательное наклонение)

Сослагательное наклонение служит для выражения действия предполагаемого, желаемого, маловероятного, или нереального.

Ex.1. Read the following extracts. Pay attention to the underlined grammar forms.

Now it is essential that astronomers (should) determine the mass of large numbers of other objects in the Universe. There is the Moon, for instance, Earth's one satellite, which is 384,000 km from us (lkm is = 5/8 mi) and which circles the Earth once every 27 1/3 days. More precisely both the Earth and the Moon circle a common center of gravity.

(2). The laws of mechanics require that the distance of each body from that center of gravity (should) be related to its mass. In other words, ( 3). if they were one half as massive as the Earth it would be two times as far from the center of gravity as the Earth is, if it were one third as massive as the Earth, it would be three as far; and so on. (After Isaac Asimov "The Collapsing Universe".)

The Use of the Subjunctive Mood

1. В придаточных предложениях после безличных оборотов, выражающих необходимость, желание, вероятность, предположение выполнения действия.

•It is essential/desirable/doubtful that astronomers (should) determine the mass of... Важно (существенно), чтобы астрономы определили массу.

•The laws of mechanics require/suggest/demant/propoes/etc. that the distance of each body should be related to...

Законы механики требуют, чтобы расстояние до каждого тела находилось в соответствии с...

2. В дополнительных придаточных цели после слов: that, so that, in order that.

So that this experiment condition (should) be satisfied...

Для того, чтобы это экспериментальное условие было удовлетворено...

Lest the temperature of the reaction (should) drop...

Чтобы температура реакции не упала...

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