Кондратева Импрове ёур Енглиш 2011
.pdfI (quite / certainly) agree (with you) I think so too
I suppose so
I don't think so
I'm afraid I don't agree
I think you are mistaken there
Certainty and Uncertainty
I'm (quite / absolutely) certain / sure that There is no doubt about it
I'm not (quite / at all) sure (if it is so) I'm not certain (if it is so) I couldn't say Probability and Improbability
Very probably / likely
It's (quite / very / perfectly) possible I (should) think so
I expect so
I couldn't possibly
It's not possible / quite impossible It's very unlikely / not at all likely Probably not
I don't / shouldn't think so
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I don't expect so
I doubt it
Ignorance
(Sorry) (I'm awfully sorry) (I'm afraid)...
... I (really) don't know
... I must confess I don't know
... I can't / couldn't tell you/say
... I've no idea
Part C
Making Summaries
This type of work is not difficult if you follow a system. One possible approach is to go through the following steps:
Read through the text from beginning to end, underlining all the points which should come into your answer. Do this very carefully. And be sure not to miss anything.
Make a list of notes, in which you reproduce very briefly in your own words all the points you have underlined.
A good list is long from top to bottom (it has plenty of points in it), but short from left to right (each point is expressed very briefly).
Without looking at the original text, join these points together into a paragraph. Change the order of the points if necessary, to make the construction more logical.
Look again at the text, just to check that you have not changed the meaning of anything. Make corrections or rewrite the paragraph if necessary.
Use these words and expressions to make your summary sound natural:
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The text/ article deals with. The object of this study/paper is... . The
aim/purpose of this report is...
It seems/appears that... . It is interesting/surprising/strange that,.
According to the author of the paper... * The author mentions/ speculates that. The author speculates on/ about (why/ what...) He explains that... He argues that...
First of all...
Secondly...
In the end...
At the end of the study/article...
Finally...
Consequently...
In general...
On the whole...
In conclusion...
To sum up...
In my view/ opinion
Use conjunctions and adverbs to show the connections between the ideas:
therefore, however, though, since, at first, then, next, but, nevertheless, in spite of, furthermore, moreover.
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V. APPENDIX |
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(Приложение) |
|
Some Mathematical Formulae and Expressions |
+ |
addition, plus, positive |
− |
subtraction, minus, negative |
± |
plus or minus |
x() |
multiplication sign, multiplied by, times |
÷ (/) |
division, divided by |
: |
divided by, ratio sign |
a:b |
"a" divided by "b" or the ratio of "a" to "b" |
< |
less than |
a≥b |
a is greater than or equals b |
≤ |
equal to or less than |
@ |
substantially greater than |
≥ |
equal to or greater than |
= |
equals (is equal to) |
= = |
approaches |
~ |
equivalent, similar to |
→ |
tends |
≈ |
approximately equal |
∞ |
infinity |
|
therefore |
|
since, because |
|
square root |
3 |
cube root |
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n |
n-th root |
an |
“a” to the n-th power |
a−n |
“a” to the minus n-th power |
a2 |
“a” square, squared, to the 2-nd power |
a3 |
“a” cube, cubed, to the 3-rd power |
|
angle |
perpendicular to |
|
|
|
|
parallel |
log (log10) |
common logarithm |
log e (1n) |
natural logarithm ("e" base of natural logarithm) |
f(x) |
function of x |
dx |
differential of x |
dy/dn |
derivative of у with respect to x |
dny/dxn |
n'' derivative of у with respect to x |
105 |
ten to the fifth power |
10−5 |
ten to the minus fifth power |
∫ |
integral of |
( ) |
round brackets/parentheses |
[ ] |
square brakets |
< > |
angle brackets |
{ } |
braces |
a’ |
"a" prime |
a” |
"a" double prime, "a" second prime |
a |
"a" vector, the mean of "a" |
a1 |
"a" first, "a" sub one |
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an |
"a" n-th, "a" sub n |
f’c |
"f' prime sub с |
10” |
ten seconds, also ten inches |
87°6’10” |
eighty seven degrees six minutes ten seconds |
68°F |
sixty-eight degrees Fahrenheit |
20°C |
twenty degrees Centigrade |
1/2 |
a half |
1/3 |
a third |
3/4 |
three fourths, three quarters |
3 2/5 |
three and two fifths 0/ou/ |
0.002 |
point /ou/ /ou/ two point |
.0000001 |
six oes /ouz/ one |
0.50 /ou/ point five
Greek Alphabet
αAlpha [‘ælfə]
Νν Nu [nju:] Ββ Beta [‘bi:tə] Ξξ Xi [ksai]
Γγ Gamma [‘gæmə]
Οο Omicron [ou’maikrən] Δδ Delta [‘deltə]
Ππ Pi [pai]
Εε Epsilon [‘epsilən]
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Ρρ |
Rho [rou] |
Ζζ |
Zeta[‘zi:tə] |
Σσς |
Sigma [sigmə] |
Ηη |
Eta [‘itə] |
Ττ |
Tau [tau] |
Θθ |
Theta [‘θi:tə] |
Υυ |
Upsilon [‘ipsilən] |
Ιι |
Iota [’iɔ:tə] |
Φφ |
Phi [fai] |
Κκ |
Kappa [‘kæpə] |
Χχ |
Chi [hai] |
Λλ |
Lambda [‘læmbdə] |
Ψψ |
Psi [psai] |
Μμ |
Mu [mju:] |
Ωω |
Omega [‘oumegə] |
Latin Expressions and Abbreviations
ad hoc ['æd 'hok] |
— к этому случаю, для этого случая |
a fortiori |
— тем более |
ad infinitum |
— до бесконечности [æd,infinaitəm] |
a.m. (ante meridiem) |
— до полудня [.æntima'ridiəm] |
a posteriori |
— на основании опыта [,а:,рɔustiri’ɔrəi] |
a priori [a:pri'o:ri] |
— заранее, независимо от опыта |
cf (confer) |
— сравни [kɔn’fə:] |
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cum |
— с, включая [kum] |
ca (circa) |
— приблизительно, около [sə:kə] |
e.g. (for example) |
— например [ig'zempli 'gra:tiə] |
et.al. (and others) |
— и другие (et allii) [et 'aliə] [et'eiliə] |
etc [it'setra] |
— и так далее = and so on |
et.seq. (et sequentia) |
— и последующие |
i.e. (id est = that is) |
— то есть [id'est] |
in situ |
— на месте, в наличии |
in toto |
— в целом |
in vivo |
— в естественных условиях |
loc.cit (loco citato) |
— в (вышеупомянутой, той же самой рабо- |
|
те |
|
[loukou] [si'teitou] |
med (medium) |
— середина, средний [midjiam] |
memo (memorandum) |
— меморандум, докладная записка, |
|
заметка |
N.B. (nota bene) |
— нота бене (букв, хорошо заметить) |
|
['noutə beni] |
per capita |
— на душу населения [рə: 'kæpita] |
per se |
— само по себе, по существу [рə:'sei] |
p.m. (post meridiem) |
— после полудня [poust] |
pro et contra |
— за и против [prou et kontra] |
terra incognita |
— незнакомая область |
vs (vers, versus) |
— как функция, в зависимости от = against |
|
[‘və:səs] |
v.v. (vice versa) |
— наоборот, на другой стороне |
|
[‘vaisi və:sə] |
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vide infra |
— см. ниже [vaidl 'infra] |
vide supra |
— см. выше [supra] |
viz. (videlicet = namely) |
— а именно [vi'dl:liset] |
Plurals of Some English Words of Latin or Greek Origin
Абсцисса |
abscissa [æb'sisə] — abscissas — abscissae [ab'scissi] |
|
Анализ |
analysis [a'nalisəs] — analyses [a'nalisi:z] |
|
Вершина |
vertex [və:rteks] — vertices [və:rtəsi:z] |
|
Гипотеза |
hypothesis [harpothesis] — hypotheses [hai'pothesi:z] |
|
Данные |
datum [deitum] — data [deita:] |
|
Импульс |
momentum [mom'entum] — momenta [mo'menta:] |
|
|
||
Индекс |
index [indeks] — indices [indisiz] — indexes |
|
Квант |
quantum [qwɔntum] — quanta [qwɔnta] |
|
Критерий |
criterion [crait'erion] — criteria [crait'eria] |
|
Максимум |
maximum ['maximəm] — |
|
|
maxima [maxima] — maximums |
|
Матрица |
matrix [meitrlx] — matrices [meitrisi:z] |
|
Место |
locus ['loukəs] — loci ['lousai] |
|
Минимум |
minimum [minimam] — minima [minima] — mini- |
|
|
mums |
|
Модуль |
modulus [mɔdjulus] —moduli [mɔdjulai] |
|
Опечатка |
erratum [ereitəm] — errata [era:tə] |
|
Основание, |
radix ['reidiks] — radices [‘reidisi:z] |
|
корень |
||
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Ось |
axis [æksis] — axes ['æksi:z] |
Приложение |
apendix [a'ppendix] — appendices [a'ppendisi:z] |
Радиус |
radius ['reidias] — radii [‘reidiai] |
Симпозиум |
symposium [sym'pozium] — symposia [sym'pozia] |
Спектр |
spectrum — spectra |
Среда |
medium [mi:dium] — media [mi:dia] |
Тезис |
thesis [θi:səs] — theses [θi:si:z] |
Фокус |
focus [foukəs] — foci [fousəi] — focuses [focusi:z] |
Формула |
formula — formulas — formulae |
Явление |
phenomenon [fə’nɔmenon] —phenomena |
|
[fə’nɔmena:] |
Ядро |
nucleus [nju:kliəs] — nuclei ['nju:kliəi] |
|
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