Кондратева Импрове ёур Енглиш 2011

2.The postulates of the theory are of fundamental importance, and are likely to form the nucleus of future theories of the structure of molecules.

3.Advanced nuclear technology is reported to be the only currently viable large scale alternatives to traditional coal-fueled generation.

4.The conclusions do not appear to agree with the data presented.

5.The light water is considered to be less efficient as a moderator because it absorbs neutrons as well as slows them.

6.This approach is thought to have a lot of drawbacks.

7.This technique was assumed to have been a convenient, if costly, way to deal with nuclear wastes — at least temporarily.

8.Zirconium is said to be an important mineral for nuclear power where it finds the main use.

9.Alpha-rays are shown to be identical no matter from what radioactive element they are emitted.

10.Ordinary objects are not likely to move with a velocity approaching the velocity of light.

11.The discussion of too many details and special cases does not seem to be desirable, since it is likely to obscure the fundamentally important points.

12.There seems to be really a serious gap in communication between the public and scientists about the goings-on in modern biology.

13.Ozone holes are assumed to be threatening the globe as a whole.

14.A yawning ozone hole is reported to have been identified over the Antarctic.

15.Atmospheric pollution is known to have been a pressing problem for each industrialized country.

16.Such deviations are expected because alpha-rays are known to interact with nucleons, producing pmesons in large numbers.

GERUND (Герундий)

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Functions of Gerund

Запомните:

если Gerund стоит в начале предложения, то переводится на русский язык существительным или инфинитивом.

Measuring resistance is necessary in many experiments.

Во многих экспериментах необходимо измерять (измерение) частоту(ы).

Не путайте с Participle I в функции обстоятельства, которое также может стоять в начале предложения.

Ex.1. Translate into Russian.

1.Heating copper wire increases its resistance.

2.Calculating the weight of a body we have to multiply its specific gravity by its volume.

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3.Introducing an ideal substance is a favourite device in theory, but it is sometimes dangerous.

4.Studying experiments with ice one can show that pressure causes ice to melt.

5.Bombarding atoms often results in unstable atoms that sometimes emit positrons and sometimes electrons.

6.Substituting this value in our equation we get the following formu-

la.

Герундий в функции обстоятельства

В функции обстоятельства герундий употребляется с предлога-

ми in, on, upon, after, by, without, with, through и др.

Запомните:

in doing smth — делая, при, во время

on/upon/after doing smth — сделав, после завершения by doing smth — путем, при помощи, посредством through doing smth — путем, из-за, благодаря

without doing smth — без чего-либо, не делая чего-либо

Ex.1. Translate into Russian.

1.In using another approach…

2.On obtaining reliable results…

3.Upon using some catalysts for accelerating reactions…

4.In reacting a metal is often oxidized.

5.By making observation they were able to…

6.On comparing these phenomena…

7.Without increasing the speed…

Ex.2. Translate into Russian.

1.In altering the motion of a body we increase or decrease its speed.

2.Separating this substance took much time.

3.In making observations extreme care to avoid errors is necessary.

4.On standing for some weeks the uranium solution gradually regains its initial activity.

5.Experimenting is widely used in different branches of science.

6.Replacing faulty wiring can be tricky and expensive if you hid it away behind your walls.

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7.In using energy to produce light a great amount of it is wasted as

heat.

8.Upon being heated to a high temperature many metallic compounds are decomposed.

9.Phosphorus burns in chlorine without being lighted and gives rise to a compound called phosphorus chloride.

10.Phosphine is prepared by heating white phosphorus in a concentrated solution in sodium hydroxide.

11.Etching is carried out by using various substances.

12.It is important to reemphasize this point by stating these ideas in a different way.

13.With thick floors and walls your signals can become distorted or even wiped out causing problems in transmitting and receiving information.

14.Most precipitates may be ignited without drying if proper precautions are taken.

15.Upon entering the collision chamber the ion beam passes between three pairs of ion collection plates before entering the Faraday cage.

Запомните:

Gerund употребляется после: to avoid — избегать

to prevent — предотвращать to resist — сопротивляться smb cannot help — не может не

it is worth/worthwhile — стоит (что-либо сделать) it is no good/use — не стоит, бесполезно

Ex.1. Translate into Russian.

1.It is no use searching for another approach.

2.It is no good arguing about the issue.

3.We cannot help acknowledging the importance of this statement.

4.Avoid mixing these two substances.

5.The ability of a solid to resist being altered is termed rigidity.

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Запомните:

Gerund употребляется после: to account for — объяснять to aim at — ставить целью

to be capable of — быть способным to depend on/upon — зависеть от to differ in — различаться

to insist on/upon — настаивать на

to keep from — мешать, препятствовать to prevent from — мешать, препятствовать to rely on/upon — полагаться на

to result from — проистекать из to result in — приводить к

to succeed in — удаваться, добиваться

Ex.2. Translate into Russian.

1.The use of catalists accounts for accelerating reactions.

2.The book aims at acquainting the reader with modern achievements in astrophysics.

3.So far only the quantum theory has succeeded in giving a satisfactory explanation.

4.The explosion resulted from the substance being volatile.

5.Iron is covered with a thin layer of tin to prevent it from rusting, for tin does not rust on exposure to air.

6.He could not help joining the discussion.

7.Low electric conductivity of rubber resulted in its being used in cables.

Запомните:

Gerund употребляется после существительных: ability of — способность

advantage of — преимущество chance of — возможность necessity of — необходимость possibility of — возможность reason for — причина

way of — способ

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Ex.3. Translate into Russian.

1.There is no necessity of making any corrections.

2.The independent particle model has the advantage of possessing a high degree of physical visuality.

3.There is some reason for questioning this assumption.

4.We found a possibility of displaying a full set of goods.

5.The chance of doing a lot of advertizing of the product is very use-

ful.

Gerund после выражений с предлогами

Запомните:

Такие выражения + gerund переводятся придаточным предложением с союзом «что».

on account of — из-за apart from — помимо aside from — кроме

in addition to — вдобавок because of — из-за

in spite of — несмотря на despite — несмотря на

due to — вследствие, благодаря except (for) — за исключением instead of — вместо

owing to — благодаря thanks to — благодаря

Ex.4. Translate into Russian.

1.Besides being important for industry oxygen is also important for medicine.

2.In addition to depending upon the acceleration, force also depends upon the mass of the object.

3.In spite of not having any university education, Faraday made his great discoveries.

4.Hydrogen is far more volatile than oxygen because of having a much smaller specific weight.

5.The molecules of the substance because of their being reactive combine with one another.

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Ex.5. Translate into Russian.

1.So far only the quantum theory has succeeded in giving a satisfactory result.

2.The inconsistency depends upon rare gases being less compressi-

ble.

3.We account for the incompleteness of a reaction by its being irreversible.

4.In order to calculate the motion of an electron, we must investigate

the accompanying wave motion instead of using classical mechanics.

5.Most actual crystals are imperfect, owing to being grown under inadequate conditions.

6.In recent years man has succeeded in controlling chemical changes.

7.The energy gap is responsible for semiconductors being opaque and having metallic reflection in the optical region.

8.The photoelectrons do not, in general, all succeed in reaching the anode.

9.Besides having confirmed certain consequences of Nernst’s theory, the results of this investigation have led to the solution of another important problem.

10.Nineteenth-century physics succeeded in achieving the complete domination of the phenomena we observe around us.

Герундиальный комплекс

Герундий с предшествующим притяжательным местоимением или существительным в притяжательном или общем падеже образует сложный член предложения, который часто переводят на русский язык придаточным предложением.

Their having obtained new data is very important.

То, что они получили новые данные, очень важно.

I heard of his having completed this important experiment.

Я слышал, что он закончил этот важный эксперимент.

Ex.1. Translate into Russian.

1.Their having developed new technologies is of great interest.

2.Our carrying out this test successfully was not unexpected.

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3.I remember their having employed this device as being more economical.

4.They spoke of the results having been achieved on time.

5.Mme Curie’s having discovered radium enabled her to isolate other radioactive elements.

Ex.2. Translate into Russian.

1.The efficiency of this process results in the surface atoms being in a high-energy state.

2.The importance of a transformer usually lies in its being able to step up or step down voltages.

3.This assumption appears consistent with our having been able to detect reasonable resistance in some junctions and with our observing only a weak temperature dependence.

4.The method resulted in a smaller fraction of the material being deposited in microcrystalline form.

5.The author’s emphasizing this point by stating these ideas in a different way was very important.

6.His being extremely careful in making observations helped him to avoid errors.

7.Selenium and tellurium resembling sulfur in presenting a number of allotropic forms is well-known to scientists.

8.Thomson investigated the possibility of these cathode rays being charged particles.

9.The inability of phosphorus atoms, because of their large radius, to establish triple bonds among themselves resulted in the phosphorus molecule having a very different structure from the nitrogen molecule.

THE PARTICIPLE (Причастие)

Функции причастия в предложении и способы передачи его значения на русский язык.

1. Опеределение.

Запомните: Perfect Participle не может быть определением.

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The device using such diodes is quite new.

Прибор, использующий такие диоды, совершенно новый.

2. Обстоятельство (0 или 4 место в предложении).

When/while/if using the device we obtained the results required.

Используя, при использовании…

Having used the device we obtained the results required.

Использовав, после использования…

3. Обстоятельство (0 и 4 место в предложении).

Запомните:

concerned, involved — данный, рассматриваемый, о котором идет речь.

The problem concerned is of great significance.

Ex.1. Translate into Russian.

1.Modern personal computers often have high speed connections to the Internet, allowing access to the World Wide Web.

2.Early personal computers generally called microcomputers were of interest mostly to lobbyists and technicians.

3.Workstations concerned are characterized by high-performance processors and graphics displays.

4.Hardware capabilities of personal computers can sometimes be extended by the addition of expansion cards connected via an expansion bus.

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5.The software industry provides a wide range of new products for use in personal computers, targeted at both the expert and the non-expert user.

6.Following the method involved we found it to be effective.

Ex.2.Translate into Russian.

1.The process discussed above presents some difficulty.

2.A train starting from a station has a variable velocity.

3.Travelling through the graphite the slow neutrons lose speed.

4.Having been tested the substance was found to be a good conduc-

tor.

5.Having completed a series of experiments they published the results in a scientific journal.

6.The approach involved is to be followed by our research team.

7.Being provided with new equipment we started the investigation.

8.While burning different substances combine with oxygen.

Ex.3.Translate into English.

1.Данная величина в этом случае равняется нулю.

2.Объясняя новое явление, профессор написал на доске несколько формул.

3.Изучив данный прибор, мы применили его в работе.

4.Создаваемая в настоящее время установка необходима для нашей работы.

5.После того, как им дали необходимые инструкции, они приступили к работе.

6.Будучи нагретым магнит теряет некоторые свойства.

Примечание. Особую трудность представляет перевод причастия II от глагола to follow, который имеет несколько значений-

1)следовать за кем-то/чем-то;

2)следовать кому-то, чему-либо;

3)прослеживать за кем-то/чем-то.

The lecture followed by a demonstration of an experiment took place in the new lecture hall.

Лекция, за которой последовал показ опыта, проходила в новой аудитории. The method followed by our professor was quite simple.

Метод, которого придерживался наш профессор, был весьма простым.

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