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Задание 2. Найдите соответствующий вариант перевода каждого английского словосочетания:

A). Internal friction; the moving parts of the engine; to prevent leakage; to maintain a film of protection; to thicken at low temperature; by pump pressure; to hold the surfaces apart;

B). Утолщаться при низкой температуре; внутреннее трение; не давать поверхностям соприкасаться; предотвращать просачивание; поддерживать защитную пленку; под давлением насоса; движущиеся части двигателя.

Задание 3. Прочтите текст "Lubrication" и назовите 4 основные функции смазки двигателя.

LUBRICATION

Without the aid of the friction, an automobile could not move itself. Excessive friction in the automobile, however would mean rapid destruction.

We cannot eliminate internal friction, but we do reduce it to a controllable degree by the use of friction reducing lubricant.

These lubricants are usually made of the same crude oil from which we obtain gasoline.

The petroleum oils are compounded with animal fats, vegetable oils and other ingredients to produce satisfactory oils and greases for automobile use.

Lubricating oils and greases are also manufactured from silicones and other materials and have no petroleum products in them.

Lubricating oil in an automobile engine has several tasks to perform:

1)to reduce the friction between the moving parts of the engine and thus to reduce the amount of destructive heat generated by excessive friction and to conserve the power that I would otherwise be wasted in overcoming excessive friction;

2)to act as a seal and thus to prevent leakage between parts such as pistons, rings and cylinders;

3)to flow between friction generating parts and thus to carry away much of the heat;

4)to wash away the abrasive metal worn from friction surfaces. The engine oil must function whether the temperature is below zero or above 100

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deg.F. This is contrary to the nature of petroleum products as they tend to thicken at low temperature and thin out at high temperature.

The oil therefore goes through many processes during manufacture to reduce this tendency to "stiffen" or "thicken" at low temperatures. Light oil facilitates cold starting and attains circulation sooner than a heavier oil. At the same time it is not desirable to use an oil so light that it cannot maintain a film of protection between the moving parts.

The moving parts in the engine are subjected to speed and pressure as well as heat. The pressure has a tendency to squeeze the oil out and permits the bearing surfaces to contact each other and produce friction and wear. The oil is required to form a film thick enough to hold these surfaces apart. The film may contain several layers of oil molecules.

One layer rolls over another with a minimum of friction and also these layers hold the two surfaces apart against the pressure tending to force them together.

The oil may be supplied to the moving parts of the engine by splashing or by pump pressure. Pressure feed is the most widely used system for automobiles. Some engines use a combination of both types.

Задание 4. Закончите следующие предложения, используя текст

"Lubrication".

1.We reduce internal friction to a controllable degree by the use of... .

2.The lubricants are usually made from... .

3.The tasks, of the lubricating oil in an automobile engine are… .

4.The moving parts of the engine are subjected to... .

5.The oil is required to form... .

Задание 5. Образуйте все возможные производные слова от данных: thick, tend, change, reduce, nature, power; lubricate, produce, move, pro-

tect.

Задание 6. Найдите ответ, соответствующий содержанию тек-

ста.

1.How can we reduce the internal friction in the engine?

2.Of what are lubricating oils produced?

3.What are the tasks of the lubricating oil in automobile engines?

4.How can oil be supplied to the moving parts of the engine?

Задание 7. Используя схему на c. 204 и текст "Lubrication", опишите систему смазки двигателя.

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cylinder. If misfiring or pre-ignition should be detected the microprocessor can modify the ignition timing for the misbehaving cylinder, or through the link with the fuel injection control, increasing the fuel supply. This affords the ability to run on a wide range of fuels without knock - 92 to 98 octane.

Задание 2. Передайте содержание текста на английском языке.

При ответе используйте следующие слова и словосочетания:

an ignition system, a coil, a sparkling plug, a booster system, cold starting, a refinement, an ignition timing.

Текст 21

Задание 1. Слушайте и повторяйте:

Задание 2. Найдите соответствующий вариант перевода каждого английского словосочетания:

A). Traction electric motor; high speed engine; racing car; driving wheels; to propel the car; road wheel; tractive effort; road speed; carriage unit; power train; gear box; live axle; dead axle.

B). Ведущая ось; тяговое усилие; гоночный автомобиль; ведущие колеса; неподвижная ось; коробка передач; силовая передача; тяговый электродвигатель; приводить в движение автомобиль; ходовое колесо; транспортная установка; скорость движения; высокоскоростной двигатель.

Задание 3. Прочтите текст "Functions of the Power Train" и от-

ветьте на следующие вопросы:

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2.Enable the engine, when running, to be connected smoothly and without shock to the driving wheels.

3.Enable the leverage between the engine and the driving wheels to be varied.

4.Reduce the speed of the engine in the ratio of about 4 to 1 in passenger cars and in a greater ratio in lorries.

5.Turn the drive round through 90'.

6.Enable the driving wheels to be driven at different speeds.

7.Provide for the relative movement between the engine and the driving wheels due to flexing of the road springs.

These requirements can be met in a number of constructions working on

different principles.

Thus power train systems may be classified under three heads:

1.Mechanical.

2.Hydraulic.

3.Electrical and electromagnetic.

Of these the first is the commonest, but hydraulic power trains are now being used to a considerable extent in lorries and coaches.

Electric power trains have been used for road vehicles but they are no longer made; they are, however, extensively used in diesel-electric locomotives and have been used in tanks. Both hydraulic and electric power trains nearly always incorporate mechanical components; with the former, in fact, the hydraulic portion merely replaces the clutch and gearbox of a mechanical power train.

Mechanical power trains are very numerous, but the majority falls within the following categories;

1.Clutch, gear -box and "live" axle power trains.

2.Clutch, gear -box and "dead" axle power trains.

3.Clutch, gear -box, axeless power trains.

A very large percentage of the passenger cars and lorries in use today are provided with power trains of the first type, but since all the types have in common the clutch and gear box the constructions of those components may be considered without reference to the power - train systems in which they are to be used.

Задание 4. Закончите следующие предложения, используя текст.

1.The engine is arranged...

2.The torque developed by the engine is transmitted to ...

3.This necessitates the introduction of considerable “leverage”...

4.A large leverage is also required...

5.A large leverage implies...

6.The power train must...

7.The power train systems may be classified...

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8.Electric power trains have been used for...

9.Mechanical power trains are...

Задание 5. Найдите отвeт, соответствующий содержанию тек-

ста.

1.What is the function of the power train?

2.What can a power train provide?

3.Of what parts does the standard train consist?

4.What function does the transmission fulfil?

5.What kinds of transmissions are mostly used in modern vehicles?

6.What do the mechanical transmission comprise?

7.How are the components of transmission arranged?

Задание 6. Используя текст "Functions of the Power Train", пере-

числите функции силовой передачи.

При ответе используйте следующие выражения:

the subject of the discussion is...; I know that ...; it should bе noted, that

...; the text deals with ...; as for the problem of...; it should be noted, that... .

Текст 22

Задание 1. Слушайте и повторяйте:

Задание 2. Найдите соответствующий вариант перевода каждого английского словосочетания:

A). It is well known; to start something in motion (to put something in motion); stationary vehicle; violent shock; for this purpose; the starting period; to provide reasonable and comfortable starts; gear ratio.

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B). Момент запуска; сильный удар; привести что-либо в движение; для этой цели; передаточное число; хорошо известно; стационарное транспортное средство; обеспечивать приемлемый и удобный запуск.

Задание 3. Прочтите текст "Clutches" и составьте план текста на русском языке.

CLUTCHES

As it has already been mentioned, it is characteristic of аn internal combustion engine to develop little power or torque of slow rotational speed. It is also well known that more effort is required to start a body in motion than to keep it moving once it is in motion.

Therefore it is desirable to allow the engine to attain increased speed of rotation before it is required to put the automobile, truck or tractor in motion. Obviously, a sudden connecting of rapidly rotating engine to the propelling means of the stationary vehicle would result in violent shook. Gradual application of the load along with some slowing of the engine speed is needed to provide reasonable and comfortable starts. For this purpose many types of connecting means have been used as a coupling between the engine and driving wheels.

These devices are of mechanical, electrical and hydraulic types.

The clutch permits the driver to connect the crankshaft to, or disconnect it from, the power train. A clutch or disconnecting device is necessary, since the automobile engine must be started without load. That is, it must not be required to deliver any power during the starting period. In order to deliver power to the engine the crankshaft must be rotating at a reasonable speed of several hundred revolutions per minute.

The engine would start at speeds below 100 r.p.m. (revolutions per minute), but it would not continue to operate at this low speed if a load was immediately thrown on it.

Consequently, a clutch is placed in the power train between the crankshaft and the transmission. The clutch permits the engine to run freely without delivering power to the power train.

It also permits operation of the transmission so that the various gear ration between the engine crankshaft and the wheels may be obtained.

Задание 4. Закончите следующие предложения.

1.It is also well known that... .

2.Therefore it is desirable to allow ... .

3.Obviously,a sudden connecting of rapidly rotating engine to ... .

4.For this purpose many types of connecting means have been used as…

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5.These devices are... .

6.The clutch permits the driver... .

7.The engine would start at speeds .…

8.Consequently, a clutch is placed ... .

9.The clutch permits the engine… .

10.It also permits operation... .

Задание 5. Образуйте наречие от следующих слов, используя окончание - LY:

Задание 6. Найдите ответ, соответствующий содержанию тек-

ста.

1.What types of clutches do you know?

2.What is a clutch used for?

3.Where is a clutch placed?

Задание 7. Передайте содержание текста на английском языке, используя следующие выражения:

the text is about... ; the text deals with the problem of… ; the main problem of the text is... ; it is worth mentioning... .

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Задание 2. Найдите соответствующий вариант перевода каждого английского словосочетания:

A). Gear ratio; synchromesh device; gear shifting; electromagnetic solenoid; vacuum booster; torque converter; gearshift lever; steering column; throttle opening.

B). Рулевая колонка; преобразователь крутящего момента; рычаг переключения скоростей; вакуумный усилитель; передаточноe число; синхронизирующее устройство; переключение передач осевым перемещением; электромагнитный соленоид; дроссельная заслонка.

Задание 3. Прочтите текст "Туреs of Transmission" и назовите основные виды трансмиссий.

TYPES OF TRANSMISSION (Gear - Boxes)

In addition to the conventional three - speeds - forward - and - one - speed - reverse type of transmission found on many passenger cars and trucks, special types of transmission for heavy-duty bus and truck operations provide as many as ten speed forward and two speeds - forward - and - one - speed - reverse transmission with a two - speed auxiliary.

Essentially, there is little difference between these various types of transmission except those providing more gear ratio and have, of course, additional gears and shifting positions.

Many late - type transmission utilize synchromesh devices that make gear shifting easier; these devices assure that gears about to be meshed are revolving at synchronized speeds. This means that the gear teeth which are about to mesh are moving at the same speed. As a result, the teeth mesh without any gear clashing. A variety of devices to assist in the shifting of gears have been used.

One type meshes use of an electromagnetic solenoid that, when energized, causes the gears to be shifted. In a second type of device, the engine actuates a vacuum booster that causes the gears to be shifted.

Semiautomatic and fully automatic gear - shifting devices are also in use. These include overdrive controls and other automatic transmissions. On some of

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