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.pdfsimilar to that used in the three quarter floating axle. There is difference between two bearings (usually roller bearings) which support the wheel on the axle housing. The bearings carry the load and also keep, the wheel in alignment thus relieving the axle of both these jobs. The axle has but one job to perform, and that is to transmit the driving torque to the wheel. This type of axle is used in heavydute applications where large loads are carried.
Задание 4. Закончите следующие прeдложения, используя текст
"Rear Axles and Differentials".
1.The differential is... .
2.The differential is required to... .
3.There may be bevel differentials... .
4.The reduction drive-gear set drives... .
5.There are two basic types of axles... .
6.The dead axle does not rotate... .
7.Live axles are attached to... .
8.In the semifloating axle... .
9.In the three-quarter floating axle... .
10.In the full-floating axle... .
Задание 5. Образуйте новые слова, используя приставки: re-/, semi-/, sub-/, pre-.
Construct, build, load, cover, elliptical, conductor, divide, stress, assemble, move, place, floating.
Задание 6. Найдите ответ, соответствующий содержанию тек-
ста.
1.What is a differential?
2.What is the function of double-reduction differentials?
3.How is the gear reduction obtained?
4.What types of axles are there?
5.0f what type can live axles be?
6.In what manner are live axles classified?
7.What is a semifloating axle?
8.What is a three-quarter floating axle?
9.For what purpose is an axle-shaft required?
Задание 7. Передайте содержание текста на английском языке, используя вопросы задания 6 как план пересказа.
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При ответе используйте следующие выражения:
the text is about... ; the text deals with the problem of...; the main subject of the text is...; I know, that...; it is worth mentioning... ; it is widely known, that...; it should be noted... .
Текст 28
Задание 1. Прочтите текст, стараясь понять основное содержа-
ние.
ELECTRICAL CONTROL
Text A.
Carmina (as this system is known) not only informs the driver about the intensity of traffic, the weather, parking places or gas stations, but also chooses the optimal route with account to roads and traffic flows. All information is illumined on a liquid-crystal screen positioned on the dash board. For example, on the map of Paris and the Ile-de-France district different colors are used to designate "unloading" routes, bottlenecks and repair works, as well as sectors which are closed for passage. The colors continually change, reflecting the changing traffic conditions.
Before switching on the guidance system which "speaks" five languages, one needs to feed all information about the city and the streets of departure and destination into the computer. Following this, a white arrow appears on the screen, pointing to the initial position, the name of the next street and the distance to it. The driver also constantly sees the arrow indicating the general direction of movement and the distance remaining in the trip.
If you listen to music, the FM program will be periodically interrupted by a voice telling you: "Turn right in 200 meters" or "Head for exit three from the square." If the address of the point of departure has been fed incorrectly, it will take the system not more than three minutes to find its bearings relative to one of the four GPS (Global Positioning System) satellites, correct the error and establish the real whereabouts with an accuracy of several tens of meters. But if you miss the turn in ten to fifteen seconds a new route will be offered to you — the shortest and the least difficult. It is also presumed that Carmina will learn to appraise the time needed for the trip.
In Paris and Ile-de-France the system works thanks to magnetic sensors positioned under the roadbed (near traffic lights): every five seconds they transmit to the traffic controller's office information regarding traffic levels.
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Text B.
At first glance, the "alto" only differs from other Citroen XM models because of a laser ranger finder built into the radiator grill and a small camera mounted above the inner rearview mirror. But if we take a look in the cabin, it will become clear that there are many more differences. On the windshield there is a small superhigh frequency antenna. It transmits signals to road beacons which are currently being constructed. In the event of slippery road conditions the necessary information will be sent to the traffic controller who will then transmit warning signals to drivers approaching the dangerous sector.
In the event of highway driving the "alto" is equipped with a "smart" speed regulator. This system switches on a laser range finder (which in the future might be replaced by radar), as well as a computer and electronic control of the accelerator and brake pedals. If you decide to drive at 130 kph, the system will automatically make sure the distance between you and the car in front of you is not less than 54 meter (half a second in terms of time). If, for example, you have caught up with a motor vehicle driving at 120 kph the system will automatically reduce the distance to 45 meters.
Let us suppose that the driver is not too tired and possesses normal reaction skills. Then the programed distance may be too large for him. After deciding to pass someone, he simply presses on the accelerator pedal and switches on the signal light. If he doesn't turn on the signal the camera keeping track of lateral movements will warn him. It will make a sound resembling the friction of wheels on the rough surface of the breakdown lane. If the driver does not respond to the signal and the car drives beyond the limits of the white lines on the edges of the road, the little motor built into the steering wheel column will readjust the steering wheel.
You drive off the highway to a secondary road where you are blinded by the headlights of cars moving in the opposite direction. Don't worry, your "alto" will switch on its infrared headlights and an infrared camera. You can then see the road on a small TV screen located right before you.
Задание 2. Используя текст “Electrical Control” и рис. 12, укажите сходства и различия в системах электронного контроля Renault и “alto” Citroen XM.
Screen of the night vision device |
Antenna Receiver of satellite |
|||
Antenna of superhigh |
|
81 |
communication |
|
frequency |
Camera |
Receiving-processing |
||
|
||||
Screen
device in infrared diapason
Accelerator drive
Рис.12
Текст 29
Задание 1. Прочтите текст, стараясь понять основное содержа-
ние.
THE СAR OF THE FUTURE
What kind of vehicle will eventually dominate? At present there is a lot of talks about electric cars, for they have the advantage of giving off no exhaust gases. The electric car has a long history. The first cars were built at the end of the 19th century, but they could not compete against the internal combustion engine.
They have several disadvantages. First, we have no really suitable batteries - they are too heavy, take a long time to charge, have too small a capacity and a relatively short life.
For a while the fuel cеll looked very hopeful. This does not have to be charged, it generates its own energy from a chemical reaction. But this, too, proved too large and expensive.
An electric car would have to run 200-250 km on, one charge to compete with the conventional car which can an about 200 km on a full tank.
So scientists and engineers are looking for better storage rage batteries or cells, and ways of using energy more economically.
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There are about 120 different electric cars around the world. Some can run 100 km and longer on one charge. This is quite sufficient for town traffic, where cars do not cover such long distances. Electric vans can have their storage batteries recharged while being loaded or unloaded...
A Japanese automobile firm has announced successful development of three-wheel electric light van for pickup and delivery service and has started production of the car for full-scale marketing.
Recently, development work on electric cars has been accelerated in Japan as a principal means of eliminating environmental damage caused by automobiles through air pollution and noise. The electric car will be the first to be used on the streets.
This car will be employed mainly for delivery of newspapers, mail and milk, as well as for light loads in a limited area, such as factory premises.
It has a motor and four 12-volt improved lead batteries as the power source.
The vehicle, seating only the driver, has maximum speed of 40 kilometres per hour.
The batteries can be charged with home electricity.
With each charging, which takes eight hours, the electric van can run for 40 kilometres.
The price is about twice that of conventional gasoline cars of a similar
type.
But will the electric car ever become a universal means of transport? Hardly.
Today there are 200 million cars in the world. … It is estimated that if these changed over to electricity, they would require six million kilowatt hours, and all the power stations in the world now generate only a little over a third of that. This means that tremendous efforts will have to be made in future to increase the power output.
Задание 2. Выберите из текста предложения, в которых говорится о преимуществах и недостатках электромобилей. Есть ли в тексте новая для Вас информация?
Задание 3. Определите, какие слова указывают на выводы автора.
Задание 4. Соедините подходящие по смыслу части из обеих коло-
нок.
Eleсtric cars have the advantage of ... |
... to increase the power output. |
The first cars were built... |
...from a chemical reaction. |
The fuel cell generates its own en- |
|
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ergy... |
...on one charge. |
Some electric cars can run |
100 km |
and longer ... |
...while being loaded or unloaded. |
Electric vans can have their gases stor- |
|
age batteries recharged... |
...giving off no exhaust. |
Tremendous, efforts will have to be |
|
made in future ... |
... at the end of the last century. |
Задание 5. Сделайте краткое сообщение по тексту, используя следующие выражения:
this text deals with… , this text discusses… , it is expected that… , it is estimated that… , consequently и др.
Текст 30
Задание 1. Прочтите и переведите текст.
CAR WITH A DUAL POWER SUPPLY
The Yerevan-001, a truck with a dual pоwer supply of both batteriеs and an internal combustion engine, has been developed at the Yerevan Polytechnical Institute. The mechanical energy of the internal combustion engine is transformed into electric energy which, alongside the energy from the batteries, is supplied to the electric engines which drive the car, or is used to recharge the batteries. The internal combustion engine emits little exhaust and соnsumes little gas.
The truck can take a load of 800 kg, but during trials it carried double that at the maximum speed of 70 kph. Having gone 10-15 km in a city, and having consumed part of the batteries' energy, the truck can be switched on to the city's electric supply for recharging. It can also get additional energy from its own internal combustion engine, whose hp is far less than that of a conventional auto.
Текст 31
Задание 1. Прочтите статью.
Задание 2. Сделайте краткое сообщение по тексту на английском
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языке.
AUTOMOBILE ALTERNATIVES?
In essence, an automobile is a personalized transport vehicle which can provide a one seat, door-to-door ride with time of departure and route at the discretion of the driver. One of the basic questions facing transport planners is whether there exists a viable "public transport" alternative to such privately controlled vehicles. Experience to date indicates that public transport schemes, which have limitations on vehicle-availability, departure time, or route choice, cannot "attract" a large percentage of people away from private vehicles. It may be objected that numerous technological changes are being made in transportation vehicles, involving such concepts as tracked hovercraft, fixed guideways for individual vehicles (that is, automatic highways), and such, and that these new technologies may make public transport sufficiently attractive to lure people away from their automobiles. However, there are several errors in these ideas. First, on closer examination, most of the new technologies are suitable only for intercity travel and not for travel within the urban area. Second, the existence of a large capital investment in well developed transport systems based on conventional technology virtually demands that any new technology be capable of integrating with existing systems. This puts drastic constraints on the possibility of widespread adoption of new technologies.
Finally, except for those "new technologies" which are merely modifications of the basic automobile concept, none of the new technologies can match the convenience, flexibility, door-to-door service, and freedom of choice with respect to route and departure time afforded by the automobile. It is these latter factors which attract the public so strongly to automobiles and it is difficult to conceive of a concept fundamentally different from the "mechanical horse" (automobile) which could provide all these advantages.
The high consumer value on freedom, mobility, convenience, and flexibility as provided by private auto mobiles is borne out by the steadily rising rate of vehicle ownership per person and declining patronage of public transport in most developed countries. It is now becoming clear that legislation restricting the use of automobiles will be required if it ever becomes necessary to switch a significant percentage of people from private vehicles to public transport. Such legislation would be difficult to pass because of the public fondness for private vehicles. Furthermore, the economies of most developed nations are strongly dependent on the manufacture, sale, fueling, and servicing of automobiles, and legislation seriously restricting their use might be economically disastrous. So, it looks like the automobile is securely locked into the fabric of our society for the foreseeable future.
Текст 32
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Задание 1. Прочтите статью.
Задание 2. Кратко изложите ее содержание.
COLLECTORS RALLY TO HALT OLD-CAR CRUSHERS
Gun collectors are known for the intensity of their convictions about the right to bear arms. Many car collectors are just as passionate, as some environmentally inclined politicians are discovering.
Eleven state legislatures, prodded by provisions of the Clean Air Act, have enacted or are debating “junker clunker” bills, under which heavily polluting cars are bought with government money and destroyed. The cars are often singled out by age.
In addition to the state laws, Representative C. Christopher Cox, Republican of California, has proposed Federal legislation that would grant $600 tax credits to owners of clunkers who turn them in to be recycled.
The Environmental Protection Agency says that cars built before 1980 are responsible for 86 percent of automobile emissions. Figures like that make old cars a tempting target for legislators struggling to meet impending deadlines under the Clean Air Act.
The idea of crushing clunkers began in 1990 and 1991 with initiatives by oil companies, including Unocal in California and Sunoco in Pennsylvania, that wanted good publicity and an opportunity to gain “emissions credits” that would allow them to pollute without penalty in other areas of their businesses.
Unocal, for instance, crushed about 10.000 cars in a campaign that is on hold until fall. Although the company says it has allowed experts to look through its hoard and save valuable vehicles, it has been bombarded with angry letters. “They just won’t listen to us, we’ve told to them over and over that we are not crushing classics, ”a Unocal spokesman, Barry Lane, said. “There are no Ferraris in this problem.
Open letters to the two oil companies fill pages in Hemmings Motor News, a thick monthly often described as the car collectors’ bible. But Hemmings’ publisher, Terry Ehrich, considers himself an ardent environmentalist. “I don’t like junker clunker programes, ”he said, “ because they give stationarysource polluters like the oil companies a loophole to continue to pollute.”
Opposition is well organized in the antique auto clubs and by a lobbing group supported by parts companies, the Coalition for Auto Repair Equality. In addition to worrying that the government will come for their keys, collectors fear that the programes will eliminate parts used in restorations. They also say that their own cars are well maintained and infrequently driven. Diane Elliot,
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president of the Antique Auto Coalition, adds, “We’re in danger of having two or three generations of our automotive heritage disappear.”
The hero of car hobbyists is Dr. Donald Stedman, A University of Denver chemistry professor. “My brief explanation is that these programes are a waste of time and money,” he said. “It costs $1.000 to scrap an old car, but only $200 to fix it. All it takes for a car to go bad is a broken wire to the oxygen sensor, and that happens a lot.
Текст 33
Задание 1. Прочтите статью.
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
We're facing a situation where the minimum small engine specification will include twin camshafts, electronic fuel injection and three or four valves per cylinder. Small diesels will all have to be turbocharged and intercooled to meet emission laws.
Large diesels will come with intercoolers and turbochargers with some form of variable pressure delivery — be it by nozzle variation or other means. Injection will be electronically controlled and valve timing will be variable. Mechanical throttles and governors will be a thing of the past. Exhaust filters are quite likely.
Even then, all engines beyond 2000 will be critically dependent on pure fuels. Any contaminant will blow emission levels out of court.
The only way the existing engine can survive at its present level of efficiency will be with some fuel changes either through purification at the refinery, through blending, with other substances, or through a change to alternatives.
Задание 2. Можно ли сейчас говорить об этой статье как о прошлом? Аргументируйте свой ответ.
Текст 34
Задание 1. Прочтите доклад и составьте аннотацию на английском языке.
ENERGY AND MASS-TRANSPORTATION OF PASSENGERS
IN JAPAN
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By
Michio Asano
Chief, Passenger & Freight Cars Section, Train Operation Department, Japanese
National Railways
Teiji Nogi, Dr. Eng.
Chief, Electrification Section, Electrical Engineering Department, Japanese Na-
tional Railways
Tokyo, Japan
Growth
1.Urban Traffic in Japan
1.1Urbanization and transport demand
1960/1955
(%)
1965/1960
140
130
120
110
100
City |
Up to |
Up to |
Up to |
Up to |
Up to |
|
35 km |
30-40 km |
40-50 km 50-60 km 60-80 km |
||||
center |
||||||
|
area |
area |
area |
area |
area |
|
Рис.13
Population concentration stemming from economic growth is a worldwide phenomenon today. Japan is no exception, with its urban population rapidly increasing along with the development to a higher level of industrial set-up.
Particularly conspicuous has been the rapid growth of the population in the Metropolitan area centering around Tokyo (рис. 13) sphere by sphere, starting out from the city center for the past ten years. The outskirts of Tokyo is now organized to the distance of 30 to 40 km from the city center and is nearing now 50 km. And along with this population concentration, the transport demand in
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