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them the mechanism automatically selects the proper gear ratio according to engine and car speed and throttle opening. On others, a torque converter automatically varies the drive ratio, without gear shifting, to suit varying operating conditions.

Задание 4. Закончите следующие предложения, используя текст.

1.Essentially, there is little difference between these various types of transmission...

2.Many late - type transmission utilize… .

3.As a result, the teeth mesh ... .

4.One type makes use of... .

5.In a second type of device the engine actuates... .

6.Semiautomatic and fully automatic gear - shifting devices include ... .

7.Today cars using standard transmissions have ... .

Задание 5. Образуйте существительные от следующих слов:

special, transmit, provide, operate, combine, employ, differ, vагу, shift, utilize, move, assist, use, link, act.

Задание 6. Найдите отвeт, соответствующий содержанию тек-

ста.

1.What is the purpose of synchromesh devices?

2.What is an electromagnetic solenoid?

3.What is a vacuum booster intended for?

4.What are semiautomatic and fully automatic gear-shifting devices?

5.Where is the gearshift lever mounted in modern cars with standard transmission?

6.What does the movement of the lever cause?

Задание 7. Передайте содержание текста на английском языке, используя вопросы задания 6 в качестве плана пересказа.

При ответе используйте следующие выражения: The text is about… .

The text deals with the problem of… . The main subject of the text is... .

It is known, that… . It should be noted... .

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Текст 24

Задание 1. Слушайте и повторяйте:

Задание 2. Найдитe соответствующий вариант перевода каждого английского словосочетания:

A). Fluid coupling; gear shifting; synchronizing devices; to interrupt the flow of power; to move a lever; gear-ratio-changing device; power train components; to be subjected to shock strain; to cause failure; the driven member; the driving member.

B). Вeдомый элемент; компоненты силовой передачи; гидравлическая муфта; вызывать повреждение; ведущий элемент; переключение передач осевым перемещением; прерывать поток энергии; подвергаться деформации от удара; синхронизирующее устройство; передвигать рычаг; устройство для изменения передаточного числа.

TRANSMISSIONS WITH FLUID COUPLINGS

For many years, engineers and inventors have searched for means of making gear shifting easier. The introduction of synchronizing devices such as the synchromesh was one result of their efforts; this mechanism makes it virtually impossible to clash gears when shifting into second or high. However, it was still necessary to operate a clutch to interrupt the flow of power and move a lever to shift the gears from one to another meshing position. In recent years, automatic devices have been brought out which eliminate this job. That is, the

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gear ratio through the transmission is changed semiautomatically or automatically in accordance with car and engine speed and the driver's wishes.

With this type of gear-ratio-changing device, the power flow through the transmission must: still be interrupted even though momentarily, so the gearratio change can be achieved. Thus, there is the problem of making this power flow interruption and reapplication smoothly. If it is done too abruptly, the occupants of the car will be jarred. Worse, the power train components and engine will be subjected to shock strains that sooner or later might cause failure of some part. It is necessary to absorb the shock of any sudden change and cushions the engine and power train from the shock.

The fluid coupling is a hydraulic coupling. It is always "engaged" but since the coupling is produced by a fluid, the driven member can slip, or twin slower than the driving member.

Задание 3. Закончите следующие предложения, используя текст

“Transmissions with Fluid Couplings”.

1.The introduction of synchronizing devices such as the synchromesh was... .

2.However, it was still necessary to operate a clutch… .

3.To eliminate this sort of sudden jarring change in the power - flow pattern... .

4.The fluid coupling couples... .

5.The fluid coupling is... .

Задание 4. Найдите ответ, соответствующий содержанию тек-

ста.

1.What purpose does the fluid coupling serve?

2.What can make gear shifting easier?

3.What problem did fluid couplings help to solve?

4.How do the fluid couplings operate?

Задание 5. Передайте содержание текста на английском языке, используя вопросы задания 4 как план пересказа.

При ответе используйте следующие выражения:

the text is about... ; the main subject of the text is...; I know that...; as for the problem of... ; it should bе noted that...; it is worth mentioning...; the key problem of the text is... .

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Текст 25

Задание 1. Слушайте и повторяйте:

Задание 2. Найдите соответствующий вариант перевода каждого английского словосочетания:

A). Torque converter; fluid flywheel; driving element; driven element; propeller shaft; fixed element; output shaft; drive line; rear wheels; universal joint; slip joint; driving shaft; car frame; angle drive; solid shaft; hollow shaft.

B). Полый вал; задние колеса; ведущий элемент; преобразователь крутящего момента; гидромуфта; карданный вал; сплошной (массивный) вал; ведомый элемент; неподвижный (стационарный) элемент; коренной (ведущий вал); выходной вал; передача под углом; универсальный шарнир; рама автомобиля; скользящее (подвижное) соединение; линия передачи.

Задание 3. Прочтите текст "Torque Converters" и, выделив смысловые части, озаглавьте каждую из них.

TORQUE CONVERTERS

A torque converter is a device which performs a function similar to that of a gear box, namely, to increase the torque, while reducing the speed, but whereas a gear box provides only a small number of fixed ratios, the torque converter provides a continuous variation of ratio from the lowest to the highest.

Constructionally a torque converter is somewhat similar to a fluid flywheel from which it differs in one important aspect, namely, in having three

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principal components instead of only two. Torque converters all consist of the driving element or impeller which is connected to the engine, the driven element or rotor which is connected to the propeller shaft, and the fixed element or reaction member which is fixed to the frame. It is the last element which makes it possible to obtain a change of torque between input and output shafts and, fluid flywheel, which does not have any fixed member, cannot produce any change of torque.

Drive lines. Drive lines, in automobiles, consist of the driving connection between the transmission and the driving mechanism at the rear wheels (the differential). The purpose of the drive line is to carry the driving power from the transmission to the rear wheels. It consists of the propeller shaft, a universal joint (or joints) and a slip joint.

Function of propeller shaft. The propeller shaft is a driving shaft that connects the transmission main or output shaft to the differential at the rear axles. Rotary motion of the transmission main or output shaft carries through the propeller shaft causing the rear wheels to rotate. The propeller shaft design must take into consideration two facts: first, the engine and transmission are more or less rigidly attached to the car frame; second, the rear-axle housing (with wheels and differential) is attached to the frame by spring. As the rear wheels encounter irregularities in the road, the springs compress or expand. This changes the angle of the drive between the propeller and transmission shafts. It also changes the distance between the transmission and the differential. If the propeller shaft may take care of these two changes, it must incorporate two separate types of device. There must be one or more universal joints to permit variations in the angle of drive. There must also be a slip joint that permits the effective length of the propeller shaft to change.

The propeller shaft may be solid or hollow, protected by an outer tube or exposed. Some applications include bearings at or near the propeller-shaft center to support the shaft. On some applications the propeller shaft is in two or more sections often supported by bearings and coupled together by universal joints.

Задание 4. Закончите следующие предложения, используя текст

"Torque Converters".

1.A torque converter is... .

2.Constructionally a torque converter is... .

3.Torque converter consists of... .

4.Drive lines consist of... .

5.The purpose of the drive line is... .

6.The propeller shaft is… .

7.The propeller shaft design must take into consideration two facts:… .

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Задание 5. Найдите ответ, соответствующий содержанию тек-

ста.

1.What function does a torque converter perform?

2.What kinds of ratios does a torque converter provide?

3.To what is a torque converter similar constructionally?

4.Of what does a torque converter consist?

5.What is the purpose of the drive line?

6.What is the function of a propeller shaft?

Задание 6. Передайте содержание текста на английском языке, используя вопросы задания 5 как план пересказа.

При ответе используйте следующие выражения:

the text is about...; the text deals with the problem...; the main problem of the text is...; I know that...; it is a well-know fact...; it is worth mentioning...; as for the problem of...; it should be noted, that… .

Текст 26

Задание 1. Слушайте и повторяйте:

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Задание 2. Найдите соответствующий вариант перевода каждого английского словосочетания:

A). Driving wheels; flexible drive systems; chain drive vehicle; basic design; roller bearing; double-hinged joint; -v-shaped yoke; driving shafts; driven shaft; slip joint; hollow shafts; rear axle.

B). Полый вал; роликовый подшипник; ведущие колеса; основная конструкция; ведущий вал; задняя ось; кардан со скользящей вилкой (скользящее соединение); ведомый вал; гибкая система управления; двухшарнирное соединение (петля); транспортное средство c цепным приводом; -V-образная вилка.

Задание 3. Прочтите текст "Universal Joints" и найдите в нем ответы на следующие вопросы.

1.Для какой цели служат универсальные шарниры в автомобилях?

2.Kaк работают универсальные шарниры?

UNIVERSAL JOINTS

As the automobile engine is ordinarily mounted on the frame and the driving wheels are free to move up and down in relation to the frame, it is necessary to have some sort of flexible drive system between the engine and drive wheels. In early vehicles of the chain drive type, the flexible chain was so mounted that it could compensate for relative movement between the frame and wheels.

With the adoption of shaft drive it became necessary to utilize universal joints for this purpose. While universal joints are said to have been used as early as the 13th century, it was not until after 1500 that Cardan developed the basic design used today. Modern designs are based on the Cardan principle but are highly developed in design, material and construction. Many of them are roller bearings on the journals and are equipped with effective sealing devices to keep lubricant in and dirt out of the bearing surfaces.

A simple universal joint is a double-hinged joint consisting of two - V - shaped yokes, one on the driving shaft and the other on the driven shaft, and a cross-shaped member called the spider. The four arms of the spider, known as trunnions, are assembled into bearings in the ends of the two shaft yokes. The driving shaft causes the spider to rotate, and the other two trunnions of the spider cause the driven shaft to rotate.

When the two shafts are at an angle to each other, the bearings in the yokes permit the yokes to swing round on the trunnions with each revolution. A variety of universal joints have been used on automobiles, but the two types now in most common use are the spider and two-yoke design and ball-and-trunnion design.

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The spider and two-yoke is essentially the same as the simple universal joint, except that bearings are often of the needle type.

Slip Joint. A slip joint consists of outside splines on one shaft and matching internal splines on the mating hollow shaft. The splines cause the two shafts to rotate together but permit the two to move endwise with each other. This accomodates any effective change of length of the propeller shaft as the rear axles move toward or away from the car frame.

Задание 4. Закончите следующие предложения, используя текст

"Universal Joints".

1.As the automobile engine is ordinarily mounted on....

2.Modern desingns are based on....

3.Many of them use....

4.A simple universal joint is....

5.A variety of universal joints have been used....

6.The spider and two-yoke design is....

7.A slip joint consists of....

8.The splines cause....

Задание 5. Дайте возможные производные от следующих cлов:

use, ordinary, drive, free, move, relate, flex, compensate, adopt, utilize, universe, develop, base, design, high, construct, equip, effect, lubricate, assemble, simple, except.

Задание 6. Найдите ответ, соответствующий содержанию тек-

ста.

1.Why is it necessary for an automobile to have any sort of flexible drive system between the engine and the drive wheels?

2.For what purpose are the universal joints utilized in vehicles?

3.How do the universal joints operate?

4.0f what does a slip joint consist?

5.How do splines function?

Задание 7. Передайте содержание текста на английском языке, используя упражнение 6 как вопросы плана пересказа.

При ответе используйте следующие выражения:

the text is about... ; the text deals with the problem... ; the main subject of the text is... ; it should be noted, that… .

Текст 27

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Задание 1. Слушайте и повторяйте:

Задание 2. Найдите соответствующий вариант перевода каждого английского словосочетания:

A). Rear-axle housing; right-angle turn; reduction gear; gear ratio; gear set; dead axle; live axle; car weight; side thrust; driving torque.

B). Вес автомобиля; прямоугольный поворот; вращающий момент; ведущая ось; боковое дaвлeниe; нeпoдвижнaя ось; передаточное число; комплект зубчатых колес; редукционная (замедлительная, понижающая) передача; картер заднего моста.

Задание 3. Прочтите текст “Rear Axles and Differentials”, найди-

те ответы на следующие вопросы:

1.Что такое дифференциал?

2.Какие типы осей существуют?

REAR АХLES AND DIFFERENTIALS

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The differential is a part of the rear-axle housing assembly, which includes the differential, rear axles, wheels, and bearings. As was previously explained, a differential is required to compensate for the difference the rear wheels travel when the car rounds a turn. If a right-angle turn were made with the inner-rear wheel turning on a 20 feet radius, it would travel about thirty-one feet, while the outer rear wheel would travel about thirty-nine feet. The differential permits application of power to both rear wheels while allowing the wheels to turn different amounts, when the car is rounding a curve.

There may be bevel differential which use bevel wheels and spur differentials which utilize spur wheels.

This secures additional gear reduction through the differential and thus provides a higher gear ratio between the double -reduction differentials.

In this type of differential the pinion meshes with a ring gear assembled to a shaft on which there is a reduction drive-gear set. The reduction drive-gear set drives a driven-gear set that has a greater number of gear teeth. Gear reduction is thus obtained between the drive pinion and the ring gear and also between the two reduction-gear sets. The driven gear set is attached to the differential case, with the case being supported bу bearings in the differential housing.

Types of rear axle. There are two basic types of axles: dead axles and live axles. The dead axle does not rotate; the wheel rotates on it. A common example is the axle on a horse-drawn wagon. Live axles are attached to the wheel so that both the wheel and the axle rotate together. Live axles are of three general types. They are classified according to the manner in which they are supported; semifloating, three-quarter floating, and full-floating.

In the semi-floating axle, the wheel end of the axle is supported by a bearing in the axle housing. The differential end of the axle is splined into the differential side gear. The side gear and the axle are both supported by the differential case, which in its turn is supported by bearings in the differential housing. The differential end of the axle can thus be said to "float" since it is not directly supporting car weight. The wheel end of the shaft not only transmits driving movement to the wheel but also supports the car weight and resists bonding movement from side thrust when the car rounds a curve or skids.

In the three-quarter floating axle, the differential end of the axle floats, as in the semi-floating axle. The wheel end of the axle is attached to the wheel hub, and the wheel is supported by a bearing on the outside of the axle housing. This relieves the axle shaft of the car weight, since this weight is carried through the bearing on the axle housing. The shaft is merely required to transmit the driving torque and resist bending movements from side thrust when the car turns skids. In the full-floating axle, the differential end of the axle floats, as in the other types of axles described above.

The wheel end of the axle is attached to the wheel hub with the wheel being supported by bearings placed on the outside of the axle-housing in a manner

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