Завдання для самопідготовки

Перекладіть:

1. захворюваність глаукомою

2. запалення сальної залози

3. помутніння райдужної оболонки ока

4. формування зображення за сітківкою

5. почервоніння повіки

6. косоокість

7. ячмінь

8. втрачати еластичність кришталику з віком

9. поступова нечіткість зору

10. відбивати світло

Дайте відповідь на запитання:

1. What is skin disease?

2. How are skin diseases manifested?

3. What symptoms are many skin diseases accompanied by?

4. What skin diseases affect person’s appearance?

5. What science studies skin diseases?

7. What are the main manifestations of dermatitis?

8. What is acne characterized by?

9. What is the cause of psoriasis?

Розкрийте поняття: хвороби шкіри, дерматит, псоріаз

EYE DISEASES ЗАХВОРЮВАННЯ ОЧЕЙ

Exercise 1. Active vocabulary:

accommodation, n	[ə'kɒmə'deiʃən]	регулювання зображення
adjustment, n	[ə'dƷʌstmənt]	наведення зображення
biconcave, adj	[bai'kɒnkeiv]	двовгнутий
biconvex, adj	[bai'kɒnveks]	двоопуклий
blurry, adj	[blə:rɪ]	нечіткий, розмитий
cone, n	['kəʊn]	колбочка сітківки
converge, v	[kən'vɛ:dƷ]	сходитися, зводити в одну точку
cornea, n	['kɔ:nɪə]	Рогівка
double vision	['dʌbəl 'viƷən]	диплопія, роздвоєння
curvature, n	['kɜ: vətʃə]	викривлення
elongation, n	[i:lɒŋ'ɡeiʃən]	розтягнення
halo, n	['heiləu]	ореол, сяйво
hyperopia, n	['haipə 'rəʊpiə]	далекозорість
image, n	['imidƷ]	зображення,картинка
myopia, n	[mai'əʊpiə]	міопія, короткозорість
refraction, n	[ri'frækʃən]	заломлення
sebaceous, adj	[si 'beiʃəs]	сальний
strabismus, n	[strə'bizməs]	страбізм, косоокість

Exercise 2. Pronounce correctly:

Astigmatism - [ǽ'stigmətizm]; cataract - ['kætərəkt]; cylinder-shaped –['silində'ʃeipt]; glaucoma - [glɔ:'kəmə]; spectrum - ['spektrəm]; exposure - [iks'pəʊƷə]; sty- ['stai]; retina- ['retinə]; lens- ['lenz]; iris- ['airis]; lump - ['lʌmp]; blurry - ['blɛ:ri]; clouding - ['klaudiŋ]; sebum [si:bəm]; daltonism – ['dɔ:ltə nɪ zə m]; farsightedness [fɑ: 'saɪtɪdnəs]

Exercise 3. Find explanation on the right to the words on the left:

astigmatism			abnormal alignment of one or both eyes
Hyperopia			the condition of nearsightedness
myopia			abnormal condition in which vision for distant objects is better  than for near objects
glaucoma			red-green colorblindness
sebum			a defect of the eye in which the curvature of the cornea or lens is  uneven.
daltonism			partial or total opacity of the crystalline lens of the eye
Cataract			a condition of elevated fluid pressure within the eyeball
strabismus			the oily secretion of the sebaceous glands
1	2	3		4	5	6	7	8

Exercise 4. Read and translate the following words and word combinations:

curvature - different curvatures of lenses, the eyeball's degree of curvature, curvature of the spine

blur – blurs, to blur, a blurry image, a gradual blurring of vision, a blurred vision, to blur vision

to converge – to converge completely, to converge to a point, to converge together

exposure- exposure to ultraviolet light, exposure to radiation, long-term exposure, to be exposed

advanced- advanced age, advanced case, advanced research, the signs of advanced disease

Exercise 5. Read and translate the following word combinations from the active vocabulary:

Clear vision, the eyeballs and their accessories, myopia and hyperopia, ability and inability, in front of the retina, behind the retina, to lose elasticity, to focus the image, biconvex lenses, to use cylinder-shaped lenses, visual defect, faulty vision, regular and irregular curvature, sensitive to red and green, genetic trait, a clouding of the lens, a gradual blurring of vision, double vision, to converge together, paralysis of an eye muscle, a total loss of vision, the intraocular pressure, exposure to ultraviolet light, advanced age, the incidence of glaucoma, a sebaceous gland of the eyelid.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:

EYE DISEASES

The eyes are complex organs with many parts that must work together to produce clear vision. But, when the eyeballs or their accessories (the eyelids, conjunctiva, and lacrimal organs), or the orbits are damaged, eye diseases occur. Eye diseases may be classified as congenital and acquired, infectious and non-infectious, acute and chronic, and unilateral and bilateral.

Two common disorders of the eye are the myopia and hyperopia. Myopia is inability to see distant objects clearly because the images are focused in front of the retina. This condition is due to elongation of the eyeball or it may be caused by insufficient adjustment of a lens during accommodation. Glasses with biconcave lenses are used to focus the image on the retina. Hyperopia is inability to see near objects clearly because the images received by the eye are focused behind the retina and blurred because the eyeball is too short or because the lens is too flat to permit nearby vision. This defect often happens as the lens loses elasticity with age. Glasses with biconvex lenses are used to focus the image on the retina.

Astigmatism is a type of faulty vision caused by irregular curvature of a lens or cornea. It results in a light refraction so that the rays fall on different areas of the retina, thereby producing a blurry image. Astigmatism is the inability to separate two closely placed points. The condition is corrected by using cylinder-shaped lenses.

Another visual defect is colour blindness resulting from the inability of cones to react to certain colours of the spectrum. For example, a person may be colour blind to red and green colours. In this case red and green can not be distinguished because of the lack of cones sensitive to red and green. Colour blindness is usually a sex-linked genetic trait carried by females and expressed in males.

Cataract is a clouding of the lens. For most people cataracts are a natural result of ageing. Often cataracts develop in both eyes at the same time. The symptoms vary but include a gradual blurring of vision, halos around lights, and double vision. The very worst cataracts – where the iris appears almost entirely clouded – can cause a total loss of vision. Cataracts develop for a variety of reasons including long-term exposure to ultraviolet light, exposure to radiation, secondary effects of diseases such as diabetes, hypertension and advanced age, eye injury or trauma.

Glaucoma is an abnormal increase in the intraocular pressure of the eyeball. Loss of vision develops gradually and people may not realize they have it. On reaching an advanced age glaucoma is extremely difficult and expensive to treat. The key to reducing the incidence of glaucoma is early diagnosis.

A sty is a localized inflammation of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid. This common infection results from blocked glands within the eyelid. When the gland is blocked, the sebum produced by the gland occasionally backs up and extrudes through the wall of the gland, forming a lump which can be red, painful, and nodular. Frequently bacteria can infect the blocked gland causing increased inflammation, pain, and redness of the eye, and even redness of the surrounding eyelid and cheek tissue. The lump frequently goes away when the blockage of the gland opening is relieved. Furthermore, the infection goes away the pus is drained from the sty.

Strabismus is a condition that causes crossed eyes, a condition in which eyes do not converge together and a person sees two images instead of one. It is usually caused by paralysis of an eye muscle. Its treatment may include glasses, patches (any protective dressing), eye drops, vision therapy or surgery.

 The branch of medicine that deals with the anatomy, physiology and diseases of the eyes is called ophthalmology. An ophthalmologist is a specialist in medical and surgical eye problems. Since ophthalmologists perform operations on eyes, they are both surgical and medical specialists. 

Exercise 7. Answer the following questions according to the text:

1. What diseases may all eye disorders be classified?

2. What are the common disorders of the eyes?

3. What is astigmatism usually caused by?

4. What is the main cause of daltonism?

5. What are the common symptoms of cataract?

6. What diseases may cataract develop due to?

7. What glasses may myopia and hyperopia be corrected?

8. What the symptoms of a sty?

9. What is the treatment of strabismus?

10. What does ophthalmology usually study? 

Exercise 8. Match the following Ukrainian words and word combinations with the English ones:

очі та повіки	eyeball
очна западина	lens
сітківка ока	cone
очне яблуко	cornea
кришталик ока	orbit
рогівка ока	iris
колбочка сітківки	retina
райдужна оболонка ока	eye and eyelids

Exercise 9. Match the words with their definitions:

eye		The cavity in the skull that contains the eye. It is formed from parts of the frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, lacrimal, ethmoid, palatine and maxillary bones.
Iris		The light-sensitive membrane forming the inner lining of the posterior wall of the eyeball composed largely of a specialized terminal expansion of the optic nerve.
Orbit		The organ of sight, containing light-sensitive cells associated with nerve fibres, so that light entering the eye is converted to nervous impulses that reach the brain.
Cone		The body of the eye, which is roughly spherical, is bounded by the sclera, and lies in the orbit.
cornea		The transparent crystalline structure situated behind the pupil of the eye and enclosed in a thin transparent capsule. It helps to refract incoming light and focus it onto the retina.
lens		The convex transparent membrane that forms the anterior covering of the eyeball and is continuous with the sclera
eyeball		One of the two types of light-sensitive cells in the retina of the eye. The human retina contains more than 6 million cones.
Retina		The coloured muscular diaphragm that surrounds and controls the size of the pupil. It is the part of the eye that regulates the amount of light entering the eye.
1	2		3	4	5	6	7	8

Exercise 10. Find synonyms of the following words or words combinations:

A	B
double vision	cataract
colour blindness	senility
Myopia	long-sightedness
Stye	short-sightedness
strabismus	hordeolum
hyperopia	daltonism
advanced age	crossed eyes
clouding of the lens	diplopia

Exercise 11. Build Nouns from the following verbs and translate:

Model: to diagnose – a diagnosis

To work, to produce, to see, to damage, to occur, to classify, to focus, to cause, to accommodate, to adjust, to image, to blur, to permit, to lose, to curve, to refract, to correct, to react, to express, to develop, to vary, to appear, to expose, to inflame, to treat, to block, to infect, to drain, to paralyze, to drop, to include, to protect, to call

Exercise 12. Choose one or more nouns from list B to modify the verbs from list A so as to make sense. Translate the word combinations into the native language.

Model: to relieve the pain

List A: to perform, to deal with, to converge, to extrude through, to result from, to increase, to be exposed to, to produce, to see, to focus on, to lose, to result in, to produce, to separate, to be corrected by, to react to, to be colour blind to, to distinguish , to be expressed in, to be sensitive to, to include, to cause

List B: elasticity,a total loss of vision, eye diseases, a blurry image, a gradual blurring of vision, operations, together, the pus, the wall of the gland, blocked glands, intraocular pressure of the eyeball, clear vision, in males, distant objects, the retina, a light refraction, using cylinder-shaped lenses, certain colours of the spectrum, red and greencolours, colours, to red and green, two closely placed points

Exercise 13. Translate the following word combinations into English:

Очна западина, допоміжні органи, слизова оболонка ока, однобічний та двобічний, похилий вік, ясне бачення, слізні органи, короткозорість та далекоззоркість, нездатність бачити, фокусувати зображення, окуляри з двовгнутими та двоопуклими лінзами, викривлення кришталика або рогівки ока, за та перед сітківкою ока, розмите зображення, лінзи циліндричної форми, колбочка сітківки, помутніння кришталика, внутрішньоочний тиск, захворюваність на глаукому, ячмінь, сальна залоза, косоокість, параліч очних м'язів

Exercise 14. Choose the proper continuation on the right and translate it:

Eye diseases may be classified as …	the inability of cones to react to certain colours of the spectrum.
Myopia is inability to see …	crossed eyes, a condition in which eyes do not converge together and a person sees two images instead of one.
Hyperopia is inability to see …	to focus the image on the retina.
Glasses with biconcave lenses are used ….	near objects clearly because the images received by the eye are focused behind the retina.
Astigmatism is a type of faulty vision caused by ….	the intraocular pressure of the eyeball.
Cataract is a …	congenital and acquired, infectious and non-infectious, acute and chronic, and unilateral and bilateral.
Colour blindness results from …	clouding of the lens.
Glaucoma is an abnormal increase in …	irregular curvature of a lens or cornea.
A stye is a	localized inflammation of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid.
Strabismus is a condition that causes …	distant objects clearly because the images are focused in front of the retina.

Exercise 15. Define if the following statements are true or false:

1. Astigmatism results from inability of cones to react to certain colours.

2. There is only one cause of cataract.

3. In myopia glasses with biconcave lenses are used.

4. Cataracts can develop in both eyes.

5. A sty is a localized inflammation of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid.

6. Colour blindness is usually a sex-linked genetic trait carried by males and expressed in females.

7. It is very difficult and expensive to treat glaucoma.

8. Persons with strabismus see two images instead of one.

9. The symptoms of cataract include a gradual blurring of vision, halos around lights, and double vision.

10. Glasses with biconcave lenses are used to focus the image on the retina.

Exercise 16. Choose the proper preposition and complete the text. Translate the text into Ukrainian:

• The primary mode (of\ with\ from) treatment for a stye is application (by\ at\ of) warm compresses. Incision and drainage is performed if resolution does not begin (in\ on\ to) the next 48 hours after warm compresses are started.

• As a part of self-care at home patients may cleanse the affected eyelid (from\ in\ with) water. Cleansing must be done gently and while eyes are closed to prevent eye injuries.

• Patients are highly advised not to lance the stye as it may result (in\ by\ at) a serious infection.

• Medical treatment can also be provided (by\ with\ in) a doctor and it is aimed (at\ by\ to) relieving symptoms. Antibiotic are normally given (to\ on\ in) patients with multiple sties. Antibiotic ointments can also be administered (on\ from\ in) sty treatment.

• Eye stye sufferers should avoid eye make-up (e/g/ eyeliner), lotions and wearing contact lenses, since these can aggravate and spread the infection (sometimes (to/with/for) the cornea).

Exercise 17. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. Many people with diabetes notice that their vision becomes blurry.

2. Eyes receive light from the image on the nervous cells of the retina.

3. Lens is tightly attached to its place by a ligament.

4. Additional structures of the eye include eyebrows, eye lashes, conjunctiva and the lacrimal apparatus.

5. Eyebrows and eyelashes protect eyes from foreign matters.

6. Human eye differs 10 million colours but it does not perceive ultraviolet.

7. The physiology of vision relies upon two different types of cells in the retina: the rod-shaped (rods) and cone-shaped cells (cones).

8. The cones enable one to see details and are responsible for colour vision.

9. In people with diabetes mellitus, changes in the walls of the small blood vessels in the retina are caused by blood sugar abnormalities.

10. The lump frequently goes away when the blockage of the gland opening is relieved.

Exercise 18. Open the brackets and use verbs in the correct tense and form:

1. Color blindness, or color vision deficiency, (to be) the inability or decreased ability to see color, or perceive color differences, under normal lighting conditions.

2. Color blindness (affect) a significant percentage of the population.

3. Color blindness also (can to produce) by physical or chemical damage to the eye, the optic nerve, or parts of the brain.

4. Color blindness usually (to classify) as a mild disability.

5. Color vision deficiencies (can to classify) as acquired or inherited.

6. About 8 percent of males, but only 0.5 percent of females, (to be) color blind.

7. Causes of color blindness (to include) brain or retinal damage.

8. The different kinds of inherited color blindness (to result from) partial or complete loss of function of one or more of the different cone systems.

Exercise 19*. Choose an adjective and a noun to complete the sentences below:

adjectives	nouns
visual, scientific, retinal, progressive, smaller-than-normal, viral	papers, disease, impairment, head, infection, vasculature

Text: Studies Show Zika Virus May Cause More Serious Eye Damage in Babies than Thought

Written by: Shirley Dang

May. 31, 2016

New research on infants presumed to be affected by Zika virus in the womb shows that the infection can take a serious toll on a baby’s eyes, causing harm that could lead to severe _____ ______________.

Two ______ ________ about eye abnormalities possibly linked to the virus were recently published by Stanford University and Brazilian researchers.

The first study found several previously unreported signs of retinal problems in the back of the eye, including hemorrhaging, blood vessel abnormalities and a kind of eye lesion called torpedo maculopathy not noted before in relation to Zika virus. Some of the _______ _________ appeared to be missing in one infant, a type of problem that could result in blind spots or decreased peripheral vision. Retinal hemorrhaging, or bleeding in the eye, can result in vision loss if untreated.

“These are serious eye problems,” said Darius Moshfeghi, M.D., author and professor of ophthalmology at Stanford University School of Medicine. “Retinopathy and loss of the retinal vasculature can result in _____ ________resulting in blindness.”

The study was published online Wednesday in Ophthalmology, journal of the American Academy of Ophthalmology.

The three Brazilian babies in this case study also had microcephaly, a condition known to be caused by the virus that results in a _____ ______ and brain. They were all born to women who displayed signs of the infection during the first trimester. The authors say it remains unclear whether the ______ _________caused the eye abnormalities or if they are related to microcephaly brought on by the virus.

Exercise 20. Translate sentences into English:

1. Порушення зору може спостерігатися в будь-якому віці. Велику роль в погіршенні зору відіграють спадковий чинник, перенесені інфекційні захворювання, неправильний режим читання.

2. Ячмінь – це гостре гнійне запалення сальної залози біля кореня вій. Він виникає внаслідок потрапляння інфекції в залозу. На краю повіки з часом зявляються біль, почервоніння і набряк повіки.

3. Катарактою називається помутніння кришталика ока. Причинами можуть бути пошкодження ока, хвороби (діабет), піддавання впливу ультрафіолетових променів.

4. Глаукома – це підвищений тиск всередині ока. Глаукома призводить до повної або часткової сліпоти.

5. Колірна сліпота або Дальтоні́зм —  це спадкова, рідше набута особливість зору людини, що виражається в нездатності розрізняти один або декілька кольорів.

6. Косоокість — це періодичне або постійне відхилення зорової осі одного або обох очей від загальної точки фіксації, яке супроводжується порушенням бінокулярного зору і значним зниженням гостроти зору на оці, що косить.

7. Короткозорість – це найбільш часте порушення рефракції. Зазвичай вона виникає, коли очне яблуко занадто довге або рогівка занадто вигнута. 

8. Астигматизм – це дефект зору, пов’язаний з порушенням форми кришталика, рогівки або ока, в результаті чого людина втрачає здатність до чіткого бачення на будь-якій відстані: і близько, і далеко. Якщо астигматизм не лікувати, він може призвести до косоокості і різкого падіння зору. Без корекції астигматизм може викликати головні болі і різь в очах.