Завдання для самопідготовки

Перекладіть:

доброякісна пухлина

пошкодження органу

некроз тканини

виклакати судоми

пухлина, що загрожує життю

видаляти за допомогою оперативного втручання

реагувати на хіміотерапію та променеву терапію

підлягати систематичному обстеженню

переривати кровопостачання

трансформуватись у злоякісні пухлини

Дайте відповідь на запитання:

1. What is the structure of benign tumors?

2. What is the difference of benign tumors from malignant ones?

3. What is the effect of benign tumors?

4. What benign tumors can you enumerate?

5. What types of diagnostic measures are used in detection of tumours?

6. What is the treatment for benign tumors?

7. Why should benign tumour be monitored?

Розкрийте поняття: доброякісна пухлина

ЗЛОЯКІСНІ ПУХЛИНИ MALIGNANT TUMOURS

Exercise 1.Topic vocabulary:

afflict, v	[ə′flikt]	вражати (хворобою)
behavior, n	[bi′heivjər]	поведінка
cure, v	[kjuə]	вилікувати
neoplasm, n	['niəuplæsm]	новоутворення
carcinoma, n	[ka:si 'nəumə]	ракове новоутворення, карцинома
leukemia, n	[lu 'ki:miə]	лейкемія
linger, v	[lingə]	затягуватися
link (to), v	[liŋk]	зв'язувати
recurrence, n	[ri′kΛr(ə)ns]	рецидив, повторення
sample, n	[sæmpl]	проба
sarcoma, n	[sa:'kəumə]	саркома
spread, v	[spred]	розповсюдження

Exercise 2. Read the word combinations with the new words and translate them into Ukrainian:

Hereditary: a hereditary disease;; hereditary collagen dysplasia; hereditary defect; hereditary melanoma;

Irregularity: treatment for menstrual irregularities; irregular heartbeat; teeth irregularities.

Malignant:malignant edema; malignant adenoma; malignant bone cyst; malignancy of male reproductive system.

Chemotherapy: chemotherapy drugs; oral chemotherapy; intravenous (IV) chemotherapy; topical chemotherapy.

Exercise 3. Translate the word combinations into your language:

A malignant neoplasm; unregulated cell growth; to grow uncontrollably; to invade nearby parts of the body; spread to more distant parts of the body; through the lymphatic system or blood stream; to afflict the human; screening tests; medical imaging;; a tobacco user; the pituitary gland

Exercise 4. Read and translate:

MALIGNANT TUMORS

Cancer, known medically as a malignant neoplasm, is a broad group of various diseases, all involving unregulated cell growth. In cancer, cells divide and grow uncontrollably, forming malignant tumors, and invade nearby parts of the body. The cancer may also spread to more distant parts of the body through the lymphatic system or blood stream.

There are over 200 different known cancers that afflict a human; the most of them may be classified into five broad groups:

Carcinomas are characterized by cells that cover internal and external parts of the body such as lung, breast, and colon cancer.

Sarcomas are characterized by cells that are located in bone, cartilage, fat, connective tissue, muscle, and other supportive tissues.

Lymphomas are cancers that begin in the lymph nodes and immune system tissues.

Leukemias are cancers that begin in the bone marrow and often accumulate in the bloodstream.

Adenomas are cancerous tumours that arise in the thyroid, the pituitary gland, the adrenal gland, and other glandular tissues.

The following seven symptoms must be considered as possible warning signals of cancer: changes in the size, color, or shape of a wart or a mole; a sore that does not heal; persistent cough, hoarseness, or sore throat; a lump or thickening in the breast or elsewhere; unusual bleeding or discharge; chronic indigestion or difficulty in swallowing; any change in bowel or bladder habits.

Many other diseases, besides cancer, can produce the same symptoms. However, it is important to have these symptoms checked as soon as possible, especially if they linger. The earlier cancer is diagnosed and treated, the better is the chance of being cured.

Cancer can be detected in a number of ways, including the presence of certain signs and symptoms, screening tests, or medical imaging. Once a possible cancer is detected it is diagnosed by microscopic examination of a tissue sample. Cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery.

Most people don't realize that cancer is preventable in many cases. Cancers that are closely linked to certain behaviors are the easiest to prevent. For example, choosing not to smoke tobacco or drink alcohol significantly lower the risk of several types of cancer - most notably lung, throat, mouth, and liver cancer.

The aim of cancer treatment is to remove all or as much of the tumor as possible and to prevent the recurrence or spread of the primary tumor.

Exercise 5. Answer the questions:

1. What disease is medically known as a malignant neoplasm?

2. How may cancer usually spread to more distant parts of the body?

3. What groups are the known cancers that afflict a human classified into?

4. What is known to increase the risk of cancer?

5. In what ways can cancer be detected?

6. What is cancer usually treated with?

7. What is considered to be the first step in cancer prevention?

8. What are the most common screening methods for various cancers?

Exercise 6. Match the following terms with their definitions:

imaging	.... in medicine, is used to identify an unrecognized disease in individuals without signs or symptoms. … interventions are designed to identify disease in a community early, thus enabling earlier intervention and management in the hope to reduce mortality and suffering from a disease.
screening,	In medicine,... is the observation of a disease, condition or one or several medical parameters by using a medical monitor over time
monitoring	Medical… is the technique and process used to create images of the human body or parts and their function for clinical purposes or medical science (including the study of normal anatomy and physiology). Among them are: Ultrasound Imaging, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), Medical X-rays, such as: Radiography (рентгенография), CT (Computed Tomography), Fluoroscopy (рентгеноскопия), Mammography.

Exercise 7. Using suffices make adjectives to the following nouns. Translate into Ukrainian:

Model: Cancer - cancerous

cancer medicine malignancy cell distance lymph blood difference presence absence lung bone cartilage muscle

gland environment genetics immunity heredity obesity microscopy possibility testicle currency mouth liver connection support

Exercise 8. Choose the proper continuation on the right:

1. Carcinomas 2. Sarcomas 3. Lymphomas 4. Leukemia 5. Adenomas		a) occur when lymphocytes (white blood cells) become out of control, divide in an abnormal way or do not die when they should. b) are any malignant tumors derived from epithelial tissue. c) malignancy of blood cells. In this type of cancer abnormal blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. However, the abnormal cells do not function in the same way as normal white blood cells. The cells continue to grow and divide, eventually crowding out the normal blood cells. are usually malignant tumors arising from connective tissue. e) benign epithelial tumors in which the cells form recognizable glandular structures or in which the cells are derived from glandular epithelium.
1	2		3	4	5

Exercise 9. Translate the following word combinations into English:

Лімфатична система та кровотік; поведінка; профілактика раку; загальний скринінг; виявити злоякісну пухлину; тісно зв’язаний з поведінкою; ймовірність захворювання на рак; гістологічне дослідження; зразок тканини; небезпечний для життя; нерегульований ріст клітин; вражати (про хворобу); ущільнення у грудях; залозиста тканина.

Exercise 10. Complete the following sentences choosing suitable words from the box. Translate into Ukrainian:

hepatoblastoma; neuroma; myoma; lipoma; osteoclastoma; retinoblastoma; neuroblastoma; chondroblastoma; melanoma; glioma

1. … any tumor composed of nerve tissue.

2. … a malignant tumor of the liver.

3. … a benign tumor composed of muscle tissue

4. … a tumor derived from chondroblasts having the appearance of a mass of well-differentiated cartilage.

5. … a common benign tumor composed of well -differentiated fatty tissue.

6. … a malignant tumor composed of melanocytes, occurring esp. in the skin, often as a result of excessive exposure to sunlight.

7. …is a tumor of bone caused by proliferation of osteoclast cells.

8. … a rare malignant tumor of the retina occurring in infants.

9. … a malignant tumor that derives from neuroblasts, occurring mainly in the adrenal gland.

10. … a tumor of the brain and spinal cord, composed of neuroglia cells and fibers.

Exercise 11. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. The chances of surviving the disease depend greatly on the type and location of the cancer.

2. In 2007, cancer caused about 13% of all human deaths worldwide (7.9 million).

3. The physician John Hill described tobacco snuff (нюхальний тютюн) as the cause of nose cancer in 1761.

4. Skin cancer will be able to be prevented by staying in the shade, protecting you with a hat and shirt when in the sun.

5. Cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery.

6. The aim of cancer treatment is to remove all or as much of the tumor as possible and to prevent the recurrence or spread of the primary tumor.

7. Retinoblastoma is a rare malignant tumor of the retina occurring in infants.

8. Sarcomas are characterized by cells that are located in bone, cartilage, fat, connective tissue, muscle.

9. Cancer can be detected by the presence of certain signs and symptoms, screening tests, or medical imaging.

Exercise 12. Translate the words given in italics into English. Translate the whole sentences into your native language:

1. Adenomas are tumors, usually benign, occurring in (залозістій тканинi).

2. Most people don't realize that cancer is (можливо попередити) in many cases.

3. The earlier cancer is diagnosed and treated, the better is the chance of (бути вилікуваним).

4. Cancer may also spread to more distant parts of the body through the lymphatic system or (кровотік).

5. There are over 200 different known cancers that (поражати) human.

6. In cancer, cells divide and grow (невтримно), forming malignant tumors.

7. Cancer is a broad group of various diseases, involving unregulated (ріст клітин).

8. Cancer cells can break off and spread to (далекі) locations in the body (metastasize).

Exercise 13. Say whether the following statements are true or false. Comment on your answer.

1. The aim of cancer treatment is not to remove all or as much of the tumor as possible.

2. Leukemias are cancers that begin in the bone marrow and often accumulate in the bloodstream.

3. Cancers that are closely linked to certain behaviors are difficult to prevent.

4. There are over 200 different known cancers that afflict human; the most of them may be classified into several broad groups.

5. Sarcomas are malignant tumors arising from the connective tissue.

6. Many other diseases, besides cancer, can produce the same symptoms.

7. It is important to have the symptoms checked as soon as possible, especially if they linger.

8. People with precancerous conditions are checked rarely, so they can be treated quickly if cell changes become more severe.

Exercise 14. Express the following sentences in the Passive Voice:

1. Cells that cover internal and external parts of the body such as lung, breast, and colon cancer characterize sarcomas.

2. Over 200 different known cancers can afflict human.

3. We can diagnose and treat cancer.

4. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery usually treat cancer.

5. A number of ways can detect cancer.

6. Neuroglia cells and fibers compose neuroma of the brain and spinal cord.

7. Screening interventions identify a disease.

8. Medicinal treatment controls hemorrhage from the tumor, etc.

Exercise 15. Open the brackets and put the verbs in the correct tense and voice. Translate the sentences:

1. Radiation treatment (to give –negative) favorable results in cancer of the stomach and intestines.

2. Patients with malignant tumors especially (to predispose) to different complications and secondary diseases.

3. The most reliable method of tumor treatment (to be) its surgical removal.

4. Such operation may (to prevent) penetration of cancerous cells into the wound.

5. In modern oncology a tumour (to define) as a pathological growth without systematic integration in the body.

6. The causes and genesis of tumours (to be) the subject of many theoretical discussion for a long time.

7. The chromosomal theory of cancer (to oppose) by the supporters of the cytoplasmic hypothesis.

8. Pathogenic microorganisms, especially parasites and virusеs (to constitute) a second group of causes of cancer.

Exercise 16. Translate into English:

1. Рак - злоякісне новоутворення через нерегульований ріст клітин.

2. При раку, клітини діляться і ростуть безконтрольно, утворюючи злоякісні пухлини, і проникають у прилеглі частини тіла.

3. Карциноми характеризуються клітинами, які покривають внутрішні і зовнішні частини тіла, а саме: легені, молочні залози і товстий кишечник.

4. Аденоми - пухлини, які виникають у щитоподібній залозі, гіпофізі, надниркових залозах.

5. Наступні сім симптомів є можливими сигналами попередження раку: зміни розміру, кольору чи форми бородавка або родимка; біль, яка не загоюється; постійний кашель, захриплість або біль в горлі; потовщення в грудях або в іншому місці; незвичайна кровотеча; хронічний розлад шлунка або труднощі в ковтанні; будь-яка зміна у звичках кишечника або сечового міхура.

6. Більшість людей не розуміють, що рак можна запобігти в багатьох випадках.

7. Діагноз ставлять за допомогою мікроскопічного дослідження зразка тканини.

8. Рак зазвичай лікується за допомогою хіміотерапії, променевої терапії і хірургії.