Завдання для самопідготовки

Перекладіть:

1. недостатній потік крові

2. супроводжувати важкі травми

3. брак кисню в тканинах тіла

4. синюшність губ та кінчиків пальців

5. значна втрата рідини

6. підвищити кров’яний тиск

7. несприятливий прогноз

8. невідкладна допомога

9. виявити причину

10. пошкодження органів

Дайте відповідь на запитання:

What kind of medical condition is shock?

What conditions can shock lead to?

What are the common symptoms of shock?

How many types of shock are there?

What is the cause of septic shock?

How is hypovolemic shock treated?

What types of shock do not respond to treatment? Why?

Розкрийте поняття: шок, септичний шок, анафілактичний шок, гіповолемічний шок, кардіогенний шок, нейрогенний шок.

BENIGN TUMORS ДОБРОЯКІСНІ ПУХЛИНИ

Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary:

benign, adj	[bi 'nain]	доброякісний
cancer, n	['kænsə	рак
chemotherapy, n	[ki:mə 'θerəpɪ]	хіміотерапія
malignant, adj	[mə 'lignənt]	злоякісний
metastasize	[mi′ tæstə¸saiz]	метастазувати
mole, n	['məʊl]	родимка
necrosis	[nek′rəusiz]	омертвіння
nevus, n	['ni:vəs]	невус, родимка
polyp(us), n	['pɒlipəs]	поліп
refer (to), v	[ri′fə:]	відноситися
sclerotherapy, n	[sklɪərəʊ'θerəpɪ]	cклеротерапія (розширення вен)
shrink, v	[∫riŋk]	спадатися
wart, n	[wɔ:t]	бородавка

Exercise 2. Memorize the meaning of the following term-elements:

Benign tumours are often referred to the terms that contain a prefix related to the cell type in which the tumour originated and a suffix such as – oma (but not -carcinoma, -sarcoma, or -blastoma which are generally cancers). Common prefixes include:

Adeno-(gland)

Chondro-(cartilage)

Erythro- (red blood cell)

Hemangio- (blood vessels)

Hepato- (liver)

Lipo- (fat)

Lympho- (white blood cell)

Melano- (pigment cell)

Myelo-( bone marrow)

Myo- (muscle)

Osteo- (bone)

Uro- (bladder)

Retino- (eye)

Neuro- ( brain)

Exercise 3. Read and translate the following word – combinations:

A benign tumor; a mass of cells; the ability to invade; a slower growth rate; an outer surface; birthmarks; to produce negative health effects; to cause nerve damage; a process known as tumor progression; the most effective approach; to shrink blood vessels; to cut off the blood supply; not life-threatening; do not respond to chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

Exercise 4. Read and translate the text:

BENIGN TUMOURS

A benign tumor is a mass of cells that lacks the ability to invade neighboring tissue or metastasize. Benign tumors are non-cancerous and once it is removed, it doesn’t usually recur.

Also, benign tumors generally have a slower growth rate than malignant tumors and the tumor cells are usually more differentiated (cells have normal features). Benign tumors are typically surrounded by an outer surface or remain with the epithelium. Common examples of benign tumors include moles, nevi, warts, birthmarks.

Although benign tumors will not metastasize or locally invade tissues, some types may still produce negative health effects. A benign tumor near a blood vessel could restrict the flow of blood; in the abdomen it could impair digestion; in the brain it could cause paralysis. The growth of benign tumors may cause nerve damage, tissue death (necrosis) and organ damage.

Benign tumors are often referred to the terms that contain a prefix related to the cell type in which the tumor originated and a suffix such as – oma (but not -carcinoma, -sarcoma, or -blastoma which are generally cancers). For example, a lipoma is a common benign tumor of fat cells (lipocytes), and a chondroma is a benign tumor of cartilage-forming cells (chondrocytes). Adenomas are benign tumors of gland-forming cells.

Although most benign tumors are not life-threatening, many types of benign tumors have the potential to become cancerous (malignant) through a process known as tumor progression. For this reason and other possible negative health effects, some benign tumors are removed by surgery.

Some benign tumors need no treatment; others may be removed if they cause problems such as seizures, discomfort or cosmetic concerns. Surgery is usually the most effective approach and is used to treat most benign tumors. In some cases other treatments may be of use. Adenomas of the rectum may be treated with sclerotherapy, a treatment in which chemicals are used to shrink blood vessels in order to cut off the blood supply. Most benign tumors do not respond to chemotherapy or radiation therapy, although there are exceptions.

Exercise 5. Answer the following questions:

1. What tumor lacks the ability to invade neighboring tissue or metastasize?

2. What is the main difference between benign and malignant tumors?

3. What are the most common examples of benign tumors?

4. What effect may the growth of benign tumors produce?

5. What process is known as tumor progression?

6. What is the most effective approach in treating benign tumors?

7. What procedure do most benign tumors not respond to?

8. In what cases may sclerotherapy be used?

9. What should people do to prevent the development of any tumors?

Exercise 6. Find the continuations to complete the following sentences. Read and translate into Ukrainian:

1. Melanoma…

2. Osteoma…

3. Adenoma…

4. Chondroma…

5. Lipoma…

6. Teratoma…

7. Myoma …

8. Fibroma …

1. …is a benign tumor of cartilage-forming cells.

2. …is a benign tumor of gland-forming cells.

3. …contains many cell types such as skin, nerve, brain and thyroid.

4. … is a tumor of pigmented skin cells.

5. … is a benign tumor derived from fibrous connective tissue.

6. … is a benign tumor of muscle.

7. … is a common benign tumor composed of fatty tissue.

8. … is a benign tumor composed of bone or bonelike tissue.

Exercise 7. Give adjectives to the following nouns. Translate into Ukrainian. Make up the sentences of your own:

Model: Cancer – cancerous

Chemistry, therapy, surgery, health, hormone, cranium, respiration, connection, fiber, efficacy, malignancy, cell, lymph, gland, immunity, genetics, electricity, presence, absence, testicle, muscle, uterus, diagnosis, nerve, system, vessel.

Exercise 8. Match the following terms with their definitions:

birthmark		is a small vascularized growth arising from the surface of a mucous membrane, having a rounded base or a stem projection (prominence).
wart		is a nonmalignant collection of pigmented cells in the skin being flat or raised, smooth or hairy
tumor		any abnormal swelling in or on a part of the body
mole		is any firm abnormal elevation of the skin caused by a virus.
nevus		is a benign tumor, composed of fibrous and muscular tissue, occurring in the wall of the uterus and often causing heavy menstruation.
polyp		is a blemish or new growth on skin formed before birth, usually brown or dark red.
1	2		3	4	5	6

Exercise 9. Match the following procedures used in treatment of tumors with their definitions:

chemotherapy radiotherapy surgery laser therapy screening		the treatment of tumors by penetrating radiation such as X-rays, beta or gamma rays produced by radioactive isotopes. the branch of medicine concerned with treating disease, injuries by means of manual or operative procedures by incision into the body; treatment of disease, especially cancer, by means of chemical agents; 4. a test to separate those who probably have a specified disease 5.treatment with a thin beam of any electromagnetic radiation, such as infrared or microwave radiation
1	2		3	4	5

Exercise 10. Translate into English and make up the sentences of your own:

Доброякісна пухлина; здібність метастазуватися; характерна риса; волокниста оболонка сполучної тканини; викликати негативну дію на здоров’я; ріст доброякісної пухлини; бути причиною пошкодження органа; некроз тканини; всередині кісток: пухлина, що загрожує життю; видаляти за допомогою оперативного втручання; найбільш ефективні методи лікування; реагувати на хіміотерапію та променеву терапію; підлягати систематичному обстеженню

Exercise 11. Complete the case history with the prepositions from the box below. Translate it into Ukrainian:

of; in; in; for; to; to

Following 3 weeks… unexplained morning headaches, M.K., a 42-year old man, went …his local doctor. He had no vomiting or nausea, no seizures, simply headaches. His local doctor found M.K. to have a normal neurological exam, but ordered a plain CT head scan. This showed a 4 cm diameter lesion or mass located … the right hemisphere, … the frontal lobe, and there appeared to be mild swelling or “shift” associated with it. To better define the lesion, M.K.’s doctor ordered a brain MRI, with and without contrast. This study showed the lesion in better detail. The lesion only very faintly took up the contrast agent, was round overall with some irregular margins, and appeared to be a solid mass. The radiologist suspected this was a primary brain tumor, most likely a glioma such as an astrocytoma. M.K. was given a prescription … oral steroid to assist in reducing the brain swelling, and expeditiously referred … a neurosurgeon.

Exercise 12. Put the questions to the underlined words:

1. Benign tumors are typically surrounded by an outer surface.

2. Adenomas of the rectum may be treated with sclerotherapy.

3. Surgery is usually the most effective approach to treat most benign tumors.

4. Some types of benign tumors may produce negative health effects.

5. Many types of benign tumors have the potential to become cancerous (malignant).

6. Benign tumors generally have a slower growth rate than malignant tumors.

7. Most benign tumors do not respond to chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

8. A benign tumor near a blood vessel can restrict the flow of blood.

9. A chondroma is a benign tumor of cartilage-forming cells.

Exercise 13. Put the words from the table into the appropriate gaps:

chemical agents, tumor, digestion, incision, lipocytes, birthmark, malignant screening, damage,

1. … is a test to separate those who probably have a specified disease

2. Chemotherapy is a treatment of disease, especially cancer, by means of … .

3. … is a blemish or new growth on skin formed before birth, usually brown or dark red.

4. Surgery is a branch of medicine concerned with treating disease, injuries by means of manual or operative procedures by … into the body.

5. The growth of benign tumors may cause nerve … .

6. … is any abnormal swelling in or on a part of the body.

7. A lipoma is a common benign tumor of.

8. Many types of benign tumors have the potential to become … .

9. A benign tumor in the abdomen can impair … .

Exercise 14. Translate the words given in italics into English. Translate the whole sentences into your native language:

1. The growth of benign tumors may cause nerve damage, (омертвіння тканин) and organ damage.

2. A benign tumor in the abdomen it could impair (перетравлювання).

3. Fibroma is a benign tumor derived from (фіброзна сполучена тканина).

4. Sclerotherapy, a treatment in which chemicals are used to shrink blood vessels in order to cut off (кровопостачання).

5. Adenomas are (доброякісні пухлини) of gland-forming cells.

6. We should undergo systematic screening in order to detect small irregularities or tumors (якомога раніше).

7. Benign tumors are non-cancerous and once it is removed, it doesn’t usually (рецидувати).

8. A benign tumor near a blood vessel could (обмежувати) the flow of blood.

9. (Родимки, бородавки) are common examples of benign tumors.

Exercise 15. Open the brackets using correct tense and voice:

1. A benign tumour (to characterize) by a slow growth.

2. Radiation, chemotherapy and surgery (to be) the most effective approaches in treating many benign tumors.

3. The growth of benign tumors may (to cause) nerve damage.

4. Some benign tumors (to consider) as precancerous conditions.

5. Some benign tumors (to remove) by surgery.

6. Teratoma (to contain) many cell types such as skin, nerve, brain and thyroid.

7. We should undergo systematic screening in order to detect small irregularities or tumors as early as possible even if there (to be) no clear symptoms present.

8. Benign tumors are typically (to surround) by an outer surface.

9. Many types of benign tumors (to have) the potential to become malignant through a process known as tumor progression.

Exercise 16. Translate into English using active vocabulary:

1. Доброякісна пухлина - це новоутворення, патологічний процес, зумовлений обмежено-неконтрольованим розмноженням клітин, без ознак інвазії та метастазування.

2. Великі за розмірами доброякісні пухлини теж можуть порушувати критично функції організму, та навіть приводять до смерті та можуть трансформуватись у злоякісні пухлини (малігнізація).

3. Деякі доброякісні пухлини (наприклад, аденома простати) розглядаються як передракові стани.

4. Доброякісні пухлини характеризуються повільним ростом, при цьому без проростання у сусідні тканини.

5. При пальпації доброякісні пухлини мають гладку поверхню, не болять, легко зміщуються, не метастазують.

6. Доброякісна пухлина може розвинутися з будь-якої тканини.

7. Основні види лікування доброякісних пухлин - це оперативний чи консервативний.

8. Оперативний метод лікування передбачає проведення хірургічного втручання з метою повного видалення пухлини.