Завдання для самопідготовки

Перекладіть:

недостатня циркуляція крові

травматичні поранення

відносно повільний процес

накопичуватися під шкірою

розпадатися на складові частини

розривати тканину

Дайте відповідь на запитання:

What types of closed wounds are there?

Why are closed wounds especially dangerous?

What can hematoma cause?

What serious consequences may wounds have?

Розкрийте поняття: закрита рана, гематома, синець

APPENDICITIS АПЕНДИЦИТ

Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary:

alternate adj	[ɔ:l'tɜ:nɪt]	чергуватися, замінятися
appendectomy	[ˌap(ə)nˈdɛktəmi]	видалення апендикса
bloating n	[bləʊtiŋ]	здуття живота, метеоризм
burst v	[bɜ:st]	розриватися
complication n	[kɔmpli'keiʃ(ə)n]	ускладнення
constipation n	[kɔnsti'peiʃ(ə)n]	закреп
fecal debris n	['fi:k(ə)l] ['deɪbriː]	калові продукти відходу (залишки)
incision n	[in'siʒ(ə)n]	розріз, надріз;
laparotomy	[ˌlapəˈrɒtəmi]	лапаротомія, череворозтин
lump of feces n	[lʌmp ɔv 'fi:si:z]	калові маси
mortality n	[mɔ:'tæliti]	смертність
obstruction n	[əb'strekʃ(ə)n]	закупорка
retention n	[rɪ'ten(t)ʃ(ə)n	затримка
rule out v	[‘ruːl ˈaʊt]	виключати (можливість тощо)
rupture n	[reptʃə]	розрив
tenderness n	['tendənis]	болючість, хворобливість
vermiform	[ˈvəːmɪfɔːm]	червоподібний

Exercise 2. Form the following new words and translate them into your native language:

Model: translate – translation, establish - establishment

-Y: bone, blood, health, sleep, taste, water, noise, dirt.

-MENT: enlarge, impair, develop, achieve, treat, require, involve, measure.

-TION: complicate, obstruct, constipate, inflame, operate, examine, observe, prevent.

-NESS: weak, deaf, ill, red, tired, restless, tender.

Exercise 3. Form the new nouns with the meaning “inflammation”.

Model: appendix – appendicitis

Retina, sinus, esophagus, parodont, meninges, pulp, bronchus, myocardium, gingiva, thyroid, conjunctiva.

Exercise 4. Read and translate the following sentences:

1. Retention – затримка

The retention of urine is one of the clinical manifestations of a kidney disease.

2. Mortality – смертність

In untreated cases, mortality is high because of the risk of rupture leading to peritonitis.

3. Tenderness – болючість, хворобливість

The patient complained of a moderate tenderness on palpation.

4. Remove – видаляти

The surgeon removed the tumor which had involved the stomach.

5. Rupture – розрив

The laboratory analysis failed to reveal rupture of the appendix.

6. Obstruction – закупорка

The stone in the bile ducts caused the obstruction of bile flow.

7. Bloating - здуття живота, метеоризм

The patient was admitted to the reception ward with bloating and nausea.

8. Constipation – закреп

It was very difficult for the physician to make a correct diagnosis as the constipation was from time to time alternating with diarrhea.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the following word-combinations:

To be attached to the end of the caecum, high rate of mortality, to spill fecal material, obstruction of the appendix, abdominal cavity's lining, a lump of feces, fecal debris, constipation, nausea and vomiting, retention of gases, bloating, the appearance of complications, to insert a special surgical tool.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:

APPENDICITIS

Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix, the short thin blind-ended tube, 7-10 cm long that is attached to the end of the caecum, the first part of the large intestine on the right side of the abdomen.

Appendicitis may be acute or chronic.

Acute appendicitis is a sudden inflammation of the appendix. If it is not treated promptly, the inflamed appendix may burst, spilling fecal material into the abdominal cavity. The usual result is a life-threatening infection of the abdominal cavity's lining (the peritoneum) that is peritonitis - a serious inflammation with rather high rate of mortality unless it is treated quickly with strong antibiotics.

Appendicitis is caused by the obstruction of the appendix. The appendix may become obstructed by a lump of feces and fecal debris or tumors, leading to inflammation and infection.

Acute appendicitis begins with tenderness near the navel or suddenly with a sharp pain in epigastrium. The pain does not radiate but it is accompanied by constipation, nausea, vomiting, bloating and retention of gases. The pain becomes worse on movement, deep breathing in and coughing. The temperature is subfebrile. A high fever may indicate an abscessed appendix.

Diagnosis of an acute appendicitis is based on symptoms and physical examination. Blood and urine samples should be taken for analysis. An ultrasound or an abdominal X-ray may be necessary.

The treatment of an acute appendicitis is surgical. The surgical procedure for the removal of the appendix is called an appendectomy.

A laparotomy is the traditional type of surgery used for treating appendicitis. This procedure consists of the removal of the appendix through a single incision in the lower right area of the abdomen.

An appendectomy is performed under general anesthesia. This procedure shouldn’t last longer than an hour if complications do not occur.

A laparoscopy consists of making three incisions in the abdomen. A laparoscope is inserted into one incision but the other two are used for the removal of the appendix.

Chronic appendicitis is a rare condition that involves long-term inflammation of the appendix. The symptoms of chronic appendicitis last longer than those of acute appendicitis.

Diagnosing chronic appendicitis can be difficult because the symptoms are similar to those occurring with other conditions, including gastrointestinal disorders such as constipation or diarrhea. So, often, patients with chronic appendicitis are undiagnosed until an acute appendicitis occurs.

Full recovery after surgery takes about six weeks, but can be prolonged in case of complications, such as the rupture of the appendix.

Exercise 7 Answer the following questions:

1. What is appendix?

2. What is the cause of appendicitis?

3. What types of appendicitis are there?

4. What are the manifestations of acute appendicitis?

5. What is the difference of acute and chronic appendicitis?

6. Why is it difficult to make a diagnosis of chronic appendicitis?

7. What complications can occur in case of untreated acute appendicitis?

8. How can acute appendicitis be treated?

9. How can acute appendicitis be diagnosed?

10. What is the difference in laparotomy and laparoscopy?

Exercise 8. Match the following Ukrainian words and word combinations with the English ones:

1. the appearance of complications	закупорка апендиксу
2. full recovery	вистилка черевної порожнини
3. incision in the abdomen	проводити операцію
4. obstruction of the appendix	розріз у черевної порожнині
5. to begin with tenderness	супроводжуватися закрепом
6. a life-threatening infection	високий рівень смертності
7. to perform the operation	починатися з хворобливістю
8. abdominal cavity's lining	повне одужання
high rate of mortality	виникнення ускладнення
10. to be accompanied by constipation	загрозлива для життя хвороба

Exercise 9. Say whether the sentences are true or false:

1. Appendicitis can be of acute and chronic form.

2. Laparoscopy consists of the removal of the appendix through one incision in the lower left part of the abdominal cavity.

3. Acute appendicitis begins with pains in substernal area.

4. The pain is accompanied by fever, perspiration and discharge of sputum.

5. An acute appendicitis is treated with antibiotics.

6. The rupture of appendix can lead to the infection of the peritoneum.

7. It is difficult to diagnose chronic appendicitis because symptoms are vague.

8. A high fever in acute appendicitis may indicate inflammation of the abdominal cavity's lining.

Exercise 10. Match the following terms with their definition:

Gastritis	a condition in which there is difficulty in emptying the bowels, usually associated with hardened faeces
Constipation	a tube-shaped sac attached to an opening in the lower end of the large intestine
Diarrhea	a feeling of sickness with an inclination to vomit
Appendix	the serous membrane lining the cavity of the abdomen and covering the abdominal organs
Peritoneum	a condition in which feces are discharged from the bowels frequently and in a liquid form
Nausea	is an inflammation of thin tissue that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers most of the abdominal organs.
Peritonitis	an inflammation of the stomach lining (mucosa)

Exercise 11. Translate the words given in italics into English. Translate the whole sentences into your native language:

1. The patient complained of the pain that супроводжувалася нудотою.

2. Закреп was relieved with the administration of laxatives.

3. The operation on acute appendicitis проводилася under загальна aneasthesia.

4. Закупорка of the appendix lumen was the cause of nausea, pains and vomiting.

5. The surgeon видалив the appendix to prevent its розрив.

6. Suppurative appendicitis may cause ускладнення such as peritonitis.

7. Peritonitis is загрозлива для життя інфекція with високим рівнем смертності.

8. Acute appendicitis usually починається з хворобливістю in the abdominal cavity.

Exercise 12. Put the words from the box instead of synonyms in the sentences:

Tenderness, obstruction, rupture, mortality, constipation, vomiting, nausea, recovery

1. The blockage of the appendix lumen caused unbearable pains and fever.

2. Cardiovascular diseases are one of the leading factors of deaths in the world nowadays.

3. The disease is accompanied by severe soreness in the abdominal cavity.

4. One of the most frequent complications of an acute appendicitis can be the burst of appendix that can lead to peritonitis.

5. Retention of feces is one of the symptoms of acute appendicitis.

6. The patient with indigestion complained of retching and diarrhea.

7. Sickness can be a side effect of many medications including cancer chemotherapy, or morning sickness in early pregnancy.

8. Full convalescence of acute appendicitis can occur after four - six weeks of treatment.

Exercise 13. Read and translate paying attention to modal verbs:

1. The environment must be provided with the proper amount of oxygen for the growth of aerobic microorganisms.

2. The doctor ought not to have told him that the disease is incurable. He should have encouraged him.

3. The doctor had to palpate the patient’s abdomen and make an abdominal X-ray to exclude the possible diagnosis of an acute appendicitis.

4. The students may watch the operation on acute appendicitis in practical classes.

5. Appendicitis in this patient must have resulted from obstruction of the appendix with a tumour.

6. Everyone should remember that most viruses are destroyed at the temperature 500-600 within 30-60 minutes.

7. Acute appendicitis should be treated surgically either by laparotomy or laparascopy.

8. Fat-soluble vitamins can be stored for long periods of time in the body’s fatty tissue and the liver.

Exercise 14. Fill in the blanks with suitable modal verbs in a proper form and translate the text:

At about 2 o’clock in the cold winter morning a man telephoned a doctor and asked him if he ….. come at once. “You …. hurry”, he said. The doctor …. drive 7 miles to this call. When he reached the place, the man who had called him in said: “Doc, I ….. strained myself (втомився). I haven’t got any pain or anything, but I have a terrible feeling that I …. die soon.” The doctor examined the patient, felt his pulse and took the temperature. “Have you made your will? (заповіт) he asked at last. – Why, no, doctor.” The man looked frightened. – You … done it long ago,” said the doctor. “ Have you got a family?” – “Yes” said the patient. – “You …. send for them immediately. And your parents ….. be called too.” – “Do you really think I’m going to die?” – “No, I don’t” replied the doctor. “But I don’t want to be the only one whom you made fool of that night.”

Exercise 15. Translate into English the parts of the sentences given in brackets using modal verbs:

1. The ambulance (змоглa дістатися) to the hospital within 10 minutes despite a traffic jam.

2. I don’t remember that I saw such symptoms and so I (не зможу) help you in making a diagnosis.

3. Full recovery from appendectomies (може відбутися) after 4 to 6 weeks of treatment.

4. I’ll write you the prescription that you (слід дотримуватися) to achieve full recovery.

5. I suppose that this medicine (повинно допомогти).

6. (Нема чого хвилюватися). The operation was performed successfully.

7. He has a scar in the lower right area of the abdomen. He (можливо зробили) laparotomy.

8. You (не слід) get out of bed before the doctor allows you to do it as the stitches (можуть) not hold.

Exercise 16. Put questions to the underlined members of sentences:

1. Acute appendicitis is due to the obstruction of the appendix with fecal debris.

2. The rupture of appendicitis may cause peritonitis.

3. Treatment of acute appendicitis consists of surgical intervention.

4. Anorexia is commonly noted early in the morning.

5. The patient with ruptured appendix will be operated immediately.

6. On admission to the hospital the patient complained of a severe pain in epigastrium.

7. Cases of appendicitis have been noted even in infants.

Exercise 17. Open the brackets and put the verbs in a correct tense:

1. The surgeon (to perform) this operation from 10 till 11 o’clock.

2. Two hours ago, a patient with acute pains (to bring) to the reception ward.

3. Eye drops may (to use) for the prevention of ocular infection.

4. The patients (to examine) by a doctor in charge now.

5. If the patient has TB bacilli in the sputum, he (to stay) in the hospital for six or eight months.

6. The patient cannot be discharged from the hospital because he not (to recover) yet.

7. When we came, the solution (to boil) in the water-heater system.

8. After the injection, given an hour ago, the patient (to feel) much better.

Exercise 18. Translate into English:

1. Гострий апендицит — одне з найпоширеніших гострих хірургічних захворювань органів черевної порожнини.

2. Найчастіше гострий апендицит викликається обструкцією червоподібного відростка каловими камінням.

3. Для правильної діагностики гострого апендициту лікар зобов'язаний провести ретельне обстеження хворого.

4. Початок хвороби характеризується тупим ниючим болем у правій здухвинній ділянці.

5. Основний тип лікування гострого апендициту є хірургічне втручання.

6. Перитоніт (запалення очеревини) виникає при некрозі та перфорації в стінці червоподібного відростка, з наступним витіканням кишкового вмісту в вільну черевну порожнину.

7. Апендикулярний абсцес– виникає коли відбувається локалізація процесу, тобто запалення обмежується лише зоною відростка та прилягаючими тканинами.

8. Після видалення червоподібного відростка його функцію на себе беруть інші органи шлунково-кишкового тракту, що дозволяє організму людини повноцінно функціонувати.

Exercise 19. Speak about Appendicitis according to the plan:

6. The type of the disease.

7. The cause of the disease.

8. The symptoms and manifestations of the disease.

9. The treatment of the disease.