- •Reading Practice in English for Students of Finance
- •Block 1. Functions of the Financial System and the Financial Markets a. Functions of the Financial System
- •Savings Function
- •Wealth Function
- •Liquidity Function
- •Credit Function
- •Payments Function
- •Policy Function
- •B. The Financial Markets and Financial System
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Block 2. The Study of Money and Capital Markets
- •A. The Money Market versus the Capital Market
- •B. Divisions of the Money and Capital Markets
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •A. Money and Functions
- •The Medium of Exchange
- •Other Functions of Money
- •B. Central Banking. The Bank and the Money Supply
- •Reserved Requirements
- •C. The Discount Rate
- •D. A Plain Man's Guide to Investment
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Exercises
- •Block 4. The Central Bank of the Russian Federation
- •Open-market Operations
- •Monetary and Exchange-Rate Policy Central-bank Policy
- •Vocabulare Notes
- •Exercises
- •Block 5. British Banking
- •Overseas Banks
- •Foreign Banks
- •The Merchant Banks
- •The Stock Exchange
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Block 6. Barclays Bank Account Why a Bank Account Makes Sense
- •A Current Account with Three Options to Choose from
- •The Options in Brief
- •Interest Option
- •Instant Option
- •Bank Charges
- •Your Statement
- •Using Barclays Cheque Book What is a Cheque?
- •How to Pay for Goods and Services by Cheque
- •How to Obtain Cash with a Cheque
- •How to Get a New Cheque Book
- •How to Stop a Cheque
- •If you have used a Barclays cheque guarantee card to issue a cheque, it cannot be stopped. Using your Barclays plastic cards
- •How to pay for goods and services using Barclays connect
- •How to obtain cash using your Barclays connect or Barclaybank card
- •Making regular payments
- •Standing orders
- •1. Dialogue
- •Brokerage services
- •2. Dialogue
- •Governmental controls 3. Dialogue
- •Structure and functions of a bank in the u.S.
- •4. Dialogue
- •Currency and other forms of exchange in the u.S.
- •5. Dialogue
- •Block 8. Financial Reports Consolidated financial report of the large financial holding company
- •1. Consolidated statements of income of Citicorp and subsidiaries
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •2. Consolidated balance sheets of Citicorp and subsidiaries
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •3. Consolidated statement of cash flows of Citicorp and subsidiaries
- •Income taxes
- •4. Financial report of the small enterprise. 'Balance sheet of HiFi Sounds'
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •5. Income Statement of HiFi Sounds
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Grammar Reference Грамматический справочник Личные формы глагола в предложении.
- •1. Времена глагола в действительном и страдательном залогах. Изъявительное наклонение.
- •Сводная таблица
- •Образование времен в страдательном залоге
- •Перевод сказуемого в страдательном залоге
- •Сводная таблица
- •2. Сослагательное наклонение
- •Формы сослагательного наклонения
- •Употребление сослагательного наклонения
- •3. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты
- •Сочетание модальных глаголов с Perfect Infinitive
- •Сочетание модальных глаголов с infinitive passive
- •4. Многофункциональные глаголы Функции глаголов should и would
- •Функции глагола то do в предложении
- •Функции глагола то have в предложении
- •Функции глагола то be в предложении
- •Он, она, оно (о неодушевленных предметах)
- •Указательное местоимение «это»
- •Наиболее употребительные составные союзы и предлоги и сочетания с as
- •What is a bank?
- •Bank Services: Old and New
- •Payments
- •Intermediation
- •Figure 1.2. Bank Goals and Constraints
- •Interest Rate Risk
- •Risk management
- •Importance of capital budgeting
- •Generating ideas for capital projects
- •Oject classifications
- •Increasing importance of financial management
- •The financial manager's responsibilities
Oject classifications
Analyzing capital expenditure proposals is not a costless operation— benefits can be gained, but analysis does have a cost. For certain types of projects, a relatively detailed analysis may be warranted; for others, simpler procedures should be used. Accordingly, firms generally classify projects into the following categories, and they analyze projects in each category somewhat differently:
1. Replacement: maintenance of business. One category consists of expenditures necessary to replace worn-out or damaged equipment used in the production of profitable products. These replacement projects are necessary if the firm is to continue in business. The only issues here are (a) should we continue to produce these products or services, and (b) should we continue to use our existing production processes? The answers are usually "yes," so maintenance decisions are normally made without going through an elaborate decision process.
Replacement: cost reduction. This category includes expenditures to replace serviceable but obsolete equipment. The purpose here is to lower the costs of labor, materials, or other inputs such as electricity. These decisions are discretionary, and a more detailed analysis is generally required to support them.
Expansion of existing products or markets. Expenditures to increase output of existing products, or to expand outlets or distribution facilities in markets now being served, are included here. These decisions are more complex, because they require an explicit forecast of growth in demand. Mistakes are more likely, so a still more detailed analysis is required, and the final decision is made at a higher level within the firm.
Expansion into new products or markets. These are expenditures necessary to produce a new product or to expand into a geographic area not currently being served. These projects involve strategic decisions that could change the fundamental nature of the business, and they normally require the expenditure of large sums of money over long periods. Invariably, a very detailed analysis is required, and the final decision is generally made at the very top—by the board of directors as a part of the firm's strategic plan.
Safety and/or environmental projects. Expenditures necessary to comply with government orders, labor agreements, or insurance policy terms fall into this category. These expenditures are often called mandatory investments, or nonrevenue -producing projects. How they are handled depends on their size, with small ones being treated much like the Category 1 projects described above.
6. Other. This catch-all includes office buildings, parking lots, executive aircraft, and so on. How they are handled varies among companies.
In general, relatively simple calculations, and only a few supporting documents, are required for replacement decisions, especially maintenance-type investments in profitable plants. More detailed analysis is required for cost-reduction replacements, for expansion of existing product lines, and especially for investments in new products or areas. Also, within each category projects are broken down by their dollar costs: Larger investments require both more detailed analysis and approval at a higher level within the firm. Thus, although a plant manager may be authorized to approve maintenance expenditures up to $10,000 on the basis of a relatively unsophisticated analysis, the full board of directors may have to approve decisions which involve either amounts over $ 1 million or expansions into new products or markets. Statistical data are generally lacking for new product decisions, so here judgments, as opposed to detailed cost data, are especially important time basis will also mean that quantitative analyses will be used routinely to "test out" alternative courses of action. As a result, the next generation of financial managers will need stronger computer and quantitative skills than were required in the past.
Self-Test Question
How has financial management changed from the early 1900s to the 1990s?