- •Constitution – the Standard of Legitimacy
- •Constitution – the Standard of Legitimacy
- •Grammar Section Revision of the Active Voice
- •Vocabulary Section The British Constitution
- •1. Look through the words and expression to make sure that you know them. Learn those you don’t know.
- •The British Constitution
- •Grammar Section Revision of the Active Voice
- •Vocabulary Section The British Constitution
- •1. Look through the words and expression to make sure that you know them. Learn those you don’t know.
- •The u.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights
- •The bill of rights
- •The Constitution of Ukraine
- •Grammar Section Revision of the Active Voice
- •1 . Choose the correct answer.
- •2. Complete the sentences using the words in bold.
- •Vocabulary Section Political Parties
- •1. Look through the words and expression to make sure that you know them. Learn those you don’t know.
- •Political Parties of the uk
- •Political Parties of the usa
- •Political Parties of Ukraine
- •Grammar Section reported speech Statements
- •Unit three Electoral System
- •Vocabulary Section
- •Electoral System in the uk
- •Elections in Great Britain
- •Elections in the usa
- •Grammar Section reported speech Reported Questions, Requests, Commands, Suggestions
- •Vocabulary Section
- •1. Look through the words and expression to make sure that you know them. Learn those you don’t know.
- •The Monarchy
- •Part 2 The United Kingdom. Legislature
- •1. Look through the words and expression to make sure that you know them. Learn those you don’t know.
- •Legislature
- •Part 3 Executive
- •1. Look through the words and expression to make sure that you know them. Learn those you don’t know.
- •Executive
- •English Laws
- •The Privy Council
- •The Ministry
- •Government Departments
- •Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
- •Grammar Section The Passive Voice
- •Unit five Part 1 The United States of America. The Legislative Branch
- •1. Look through the words and expression to make sure that you know them. Learn those you don’t know
- •The political system of the usa
- •The legislative branch
- •The lobbyists
- •Grammar Section The Passive Voice
- •Three Unsolved Mysteries Continue to Fascinate
- •Part 2 The United States of America. Making Laws
- •1. Look through the words and expression to make sure that you know them. Learn those you don’t know.
- •Making laws
- •Part 3 The United States of America. The Executive Power
- •1. Look through the words and expression to make sure that you know them. Learn those you don’t know.
- •The exacutive power
- •Part 4 The United States of America. The Executive Power
- •1. Look through the words and expression to make sure that you know them. Learn those you don’t know.
- •The system of courts in the united states
- •Unit 6 Political System of Ukraine
- •1. Look through the words and expression to make sure that you know them. Learn those you don’t know
- •State Power Institutions in Ukraine: The President of Ukraine
- •State Power Institutions in Ukraine: Government of Ukraine
- •State Power Institutions in Ukraine: The System of Judicial Authority
- •Part 1 General Foundations of Ukraine’s Political System State Power Institutions in Ukraine: The President of Ukraine
- •Part 2 State Power Institutions in Ukraine: The President of Ukraine
- •Part 4 State Power Institutions in Ukraine: Government of Ukraine
- •2. Match the political terms listed up in column a with the definitions provided in column b.
- •Part 5 State Power Institutions in Ukraine: The System of Judicial Authority
- •Grammar Supplement Reported Speech
- •In statements:
- •In requests:
- •In questions:
- •Observe the Sequence of Tenses:
- •An imperative sentence is changed to an infinitive The Table of Rules
- •The Passive Voice
- •The Passive
- •Changing from active into passive
The Passive
|
Active |
Passive |
Present Simple |
He delivers the parcels. |
The parcels are delivered. |
Present Continuous |
He is delivering the parcels. |
The parcels are being delivered. |
Present Perfect |
He has delivered the parcels. |
The parcels have been delivered. |
Past Simple |
He delivered the parcels. |
The parcels were delivered. |
Past Continuous |
He was delivering the parcels. |
The parcels were being delivered. |
Past Perfect |
He had delivered the parcels. |
The parcels had been delivered. |
Future Simple |
He will deliver the parcels. |
The parcels will be delivered. |
Future Perfect |
He will have delivered the parcels. |
The parcels will have been delivered. |
Present Infinitive |
He must deliver the parcels. |
The parcels must be delivered. |
Perfect Infinitive |
He must have delivered the parcels. |
The parcels must have been delivered. |
Simple –ing form |
I object to his delivering the parcels. |
I object to parcels being delivered. |
Perfect –ing form |
Having delivered the parcels |
The parcels having been delivered… |
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The present continuous, the past perfect continuous, the future perfect continuous and the future continuous are normally not used in the passive.
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The verb to get is used instead of to be in every day speech when we talk about things that happen by accident or unexpectedly. E.g. Four people got hurt in the car crash.
Use
We use the passive:
a) when the person who carries out the action is unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context. E.g. a) My flat was broken into last week. (We do not know who broke into the flat.) b) Coffee beans are grown in Brazil. (It is not important to know who grows the coffee.) c) My car was serviced yesterday. (It is obvious that a mechanic serviced it.)
b) When the action itself is more important that the person who carries it out, as in news headlines, newspaper articles, formal notices, instructions, advertisements, processes, scientific literature, etc. E.g. a) The new hospital will be opened by the Queen on May 15th. (formal notice) b) Then, the milk is taken to a factory where it is pasteurized.(process)
c) when we refer to an unpleasant event and we do not want to say who or what is to blame. E.g. A lot of mistakes have been made. (instead of ‘You have made a lot of mistakes.’)
Changing from active into passive
To change a sentence from the active into the passive:
a) the object of the active sentence becomes the subject in the passive sentence.
b) the active verb remains in the same tense, but changes into a passive form.
c) the subject of the active sentence becomes the agent, and is either introduced with the proposition by or omitted.
-
subject
verb
object
active
Tom
invited
me.
subject
verb
object
passive
I
was invited
by Tom.
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Only transitive (перехідні) verbs (verbs followed by an object) can be changed onto the passive. E.g. Grandma knitted my jumper. – My jumper was knitted by Grandma. (transitive verb) BUT: They traveled to Lisbon last summer. (intransitive verb) Some transitive verbs such as have, fit, suit, resemble, etc, cannot be changed into the passive.
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We used by + agent to say who or what carries out the action. We use with + instrument / material / ingredient to say what the agent used. E.g. The pancakes were made by Clare. They were made with eggs, flour, and milk.
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The agent is often omitted in the passive sentence when the subject of the active sentence is one of the following words: people, one, someone/somebody, they, he, etc. E.g. Somebody has stolen my purse. – My purse has been stolen.
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Object pronouns (me, him, us them, etc.) become subject pronouns (I, he, we, they, etc.) in the passive. E.g. They arrested him. – He was arrested.
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With the verbs which take two objects such as bring, tell, send, show, teach, promise, buy, throw, write, award, hand, sell, owe, grant, allow, feed, pass, past, read, take, offer, give, pay, lend we can make two different passive sentences. E.g. He gave Laura some flowers. – 1) Laura was given some flowers. 2) Some flowers were given to Laura.
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When the verb in the active sentence is followed by a proposition, the proposition is kept in the passive sentence as well. E.g. The police accused him of the murder. – He was accused of the murder.
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When we want to find out who or what did something, then the passive question form is as follows: Who / What ….. by? E.g. Who was Australia discovered by? What was the fire caused by?