Vocabulary:

Entrepreneur – предприниматель

To do all one’s best to succeed – сделать все возможное, чтобы преуспеть

To contribute to – приносить пользу

Hurdle – препятствие

Venture – рискованное предприятие

Research – исследование

To need to be carried out – необходимо выполнить

Loan – заем

To start a company – основать компанию, открыть дело

Outlay – затраты, расходы, издержки

In return for – взамен

Profit – прибыль

Sole proprietor – частный предприниматель

To be responsible for – нести ответственность

The USP (unique selling point) – характеристика продукта, которая может использоваться в рекламе для различения данного продукта от других

To clear business strategy – четкая бизнес стратегия

Competitor – конкурент

Approach – подход

Consumer - потребитель

Customer base – база клиентов

The structure of the company

Companies have different activities and work in different ways. Some companies manufacture or produce goods, others provide services; retailers sell goods to the general public.

There are different types of the companies:

• Sole trader : when someone has their own business with no additional shareholders,

• Partnership: where more than two people or businesses work together,

• Limited company: a private company with the limited liability, so they would not lose any property they owned if the company went bankrupt,

• Public limited company (Plc): a limited company where the shares are bought and sold freely,

• Multinational: a company which operates in different countries, usually with a complex structure,

• Merger: two or more companies join together to create a single larger company,

• Joint venture: two or more companies make a joint investment in a project without merging.

Companies employ people to work for them in many kinds of jobs. Each person has responsibility for a specific area of work and a role within a team they work with.

At the top of the company hierarchy is the Board of the Directors, headed by the Chairperson or President. The Board is responsible for the policy decisions and strategy. It will usually appoint a Managing Directors or Chief Executive Officer (CEO), who has overall responsibility for running business. Senior managers or company officers head the various department or functions within the company, which may include the following: Marketing, Public Relations, Information Technology (IT), Personnel or Human Resources, Finance, Production, Research and development (R&D). Senior managers report directly to CEO. Each department has its own duty such as Marketing forecast future sales, R&D is included in developing new products and modifying existing products to meet customer demands or Human Resources is in charge of the recruiting the personnel.

The structure of a company

Vocabulary:

Activity – деятельность

To manufacture – производить

To provide – обеспечить

Retailer – розничный торговец

Sole trader – индивидуальный предприниматель

Partnership – партнерство

Shareholder – акционер

Limited company – товарищество с ограниченной ответственностью

Limited liability – ограниченная ответственность

Public limited company – открытое акционерное общество

Share – акция

Merger – слияние, поглощение

Joint venture – совместная деятельность (предприятие)

Responsibility – ответственность

Hierarchy – иерархия

The Board of the Directors – Совет директоров

The Chairperson – председатель

The Chief Executive Officer – генеральный директор

Overall – общий, полный

To run business – вести, заниматься бизнесом

Public Relations – отдел связей с общественностью

Personnel or Human Resources – отдел по работе с персоналом

Research and development – отдел исследований и разработок

To have one’s own duty – иметь собственные обязанности

To forecast – прогнозировать, предсказывать

To meet customer demands – удовлетворить спрос потребителя

To be in charge of – быть на попечении

To recruit – нанимать на работу

Great Britain

Great Britain has the official name – The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (or UK - for short). IT is situated on the British Isles. England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are the parts of Great Britain. Administratively the UK is divided into 55 counties. The total territory is over 244 thousand square kilometers. The population of the UK is over 57 mln.

The country is washed by the North and Irish Seas, the Atlantic Ocean and the English Channel. North and West of the country are highlands, South and East – lowlands . The highest mountain of the UK is Ben Nevis in Scotland.

There are many rivers in the country. The longest and the most important of them are the Severn, the Thames and the Clyde. The climate is mild due to the mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of the Gulf Stream.

Great Britain is a highly developed industrial power. It possesses some mineral resources: coal, iron ores, oil, gas and some metals.

The country is known as one of the world largest producers and exporters of the electronics and machinery, chemicals and textile, various aircraft and navigation equipment. Among the main industrial branches are also coal-mining, automobile, ship-building, and metallurgical.

The capital of the country is London. It’s the largest political, cultural and industrial centre of the country and one of the largest ports of the world.

Among the largest cities of the UK are Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester, Edinburgh, Belfast and Cardiff.

Great Britain is a country with old cultural traditions and customs. The language of the state is English. The national symbol of the UK is “Union Jack” – the British state flag having 3 white and red crosses on the dark blue field. The weave of crosses symbolizes power and might.

The United Kingdom is constitutional monarchy. Officially the head of the state is the Queen. But her power is not absolute, it is limited by the Parliament. The British Parliament is the oldest parliament in the worlds. It consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The British Government is headed by the Prime Minister – the leader of the party having the majority in the house of Commons. The Prime Minister appoints the ministers to compose the government.

There are several political parties in the UK. The largest and most influential of them are the Conservative (the Tory), the Liberal (the Whigs) and the Labour party.