3. Основные сокращения

a.m.	до полудня
asp (as soon as possible)	при первой возможности
B.C. (before Christ)	до нашей эры
c.a. (current account)	текущий счет
Co (company)	Компания
e.g.	Например
e.o.m. (end of the month)	в конце месяца
p.m.	Пополудни
S / St (saint)	Святой
t.&d. (time and date)	время и число
u.t. (usual terms)	обычные условия

4. Условные предложения

ТИП ПРЕДПОЛОЖЕНИЯ	УСЛОВИЕ	СЛЕДСТВИЕ
1. Реальные, осуществимые предположения. (чаще всего относятся к будущему)	If he comes, If he should come, Should he come, Если он придёт,	I shall be glad. я буду рад.
2. Невероятные или маловероятные предположения. (относятся к будущему или настоящему)	If he came, If he should come, Should he come, If he were to come, Were he to come, Если бы он пришёл, (может он и придёт)	I should be glad. я был бы рад.
3. Невыполнимые предположения. (относятся к прошлому)	If he had come, Had he come, Если бы он пришёл, (но он не пришёл)	I should have been glad. я был бы рад.

 

Условное предложение это сложноподчинённое предложение с обстоятельным придаточным предложением условия.

Придаточные предложения условия соединяются с главным предложением различными союзами наиболее употребительным из которых является if.

If I see him tomorrow, I shall ask him about it.

Если я его увижу завтра, я спрошу его об этом.

Сослагательное наклонение употребляется также после глагола wish.

В значении настоящего времени употребляется Past Simple.

(I wish I lived not far from here – Жаль, что я не живу поблизости)

В значении прошедшего времени употребляется Past Perfect.

(I wish I had lived not far from here – Жаль, что я не жил поблизости)

Другим вариантом перевода I wish является «мне бы хотелось», «если бы»

Упражнение:

Раскройте скобки, поставив глагол в правильное время. Переведите предложение.

1. He (go) out when the weather (get) warmer.

2. If you (not drive) more carefully you (have) an accident.

3. You (be) late if you (not take) a taxi.

4. I’m sure they (write) to us when they (know) our new address.

5. If I (be) in your place I (buy) the tickets beforehand.

Variant “a”

Pre-reading tasks

1. Remember all the following words and word-combination well:

1. to seek for (v) [si׃k] – искать что-либо, добиваться

2. security (n) [si`kjuəriti] – безопасность, надежность

3. relative (adj) [`relətiv] – относительный, сравнительный

4. amount (n) [ə`maunt] – количество

5. facility (n pl) [fə`siliti] – удобства

6. means (n) [mi׃nz] – средство

7.to ensure (v) [in`ʃuə] – обеспечивать, гарантировать

8. to cooperate (v) [kəu`opəreit] – сотрудничать

9. to maintain (v) [mein`tein] – поддерживать, сохранять

10. quantity (n) [`kwontiti] – количество

11. necessity (n) [ni`sesiti] – предмет первой необходимости

12. raw materials [`ro׃ mətiriəlz] – сырье

13. to obtain (v) [əb`tein] – получать, доставать, приобретать

14. to import (v) [im`po׃t] – ввозить, импортировать

15. additional (adj) [ə`diʃənəl] – дополнительный

16. to depend on/upon smth (v) [di`pend] – зависеть от чего-либо

17. action (n) [`ækʃn] – действие, деятельность

18. to overtake (v) [ֽəuvə`teik] – перегонять, обгонять, обходить

19. export (n) [`ekspo׃t] – вывоз, экспорт

20. item (n) [`aitem] – (каждый отдельный) предмет, статья, пункт

21. quality (n) [`kwoliti] – качество

22. reliable (adj) [ri`laiəbl] – надежный, прочный

23. long-term (adj) [ֽloŋ`tə׃m] - долгосрочный

2. Translate the following word and word-combinations from English into Russian:

by means of, in contrast, high level of living, economic security, to make constant, vary in area and population, relatively high degree of, trade facilities, efficient means of communication, square kilometers, to turn to world market, additional quantities of the necessities of life, to welcome any international action, to ensure the stability of prices, high-tech products, high-quality machinery, reliable household appliances, contributor.

3. Make the corresponding adverbs using these words:

main, relative, high, proper, constant, natural, effective, great, quick, especial.

4. Find synonyms among the following words:

amount, safety, equipment, extra, to ensure, quantity, t cooperate with, effective, additional, facilities, reliable, to reach, raw materials, to guarantee, efficient, safe, to achieve, raw stuff, security, to collaborate with.

5. In the dictionary find antonyms to these words:

to import, action, long-term, small, security, to sell, modern, developing, stable.

Text

Small nations

People of every nation try to achieve as high level of living as possible. They also seek economic security to make their level of living constant. But nations vary in area and population, so security can only be relative. Nations with large territories but which are not too large in population may have a relatively high degree of economic security because they are supplied with proper amounts of natural resources, manufacturing companies, trade facilities, such as rivers, roads, railroads, airports, and efficient means of communication.

In contrast, some nations are small in area and large in population. They can ensure economic security only if they cooperate effectively with other people. For example, Belgium is a small country of about 31,00sguare kilometers and with a population of about 10 million, or 300 persons per square kilometer. The Belgians can maintain a relatively high level of living but they should produce at home as large quantities of foodstuffs and other necessities as possible. They have to buy raw materials and sell their products in the world market. The obtained profits are to be used to import additional foodstuffs and other necessities of life that the Belgians must use to maintain their level of living.

Thus*, the Belgians have to turn to world markets for three reasons: 1) they have to buy raw materials; 2) they must sell the manufactured goods; 3) they have to buy additional quantities of the necessities of life. Belgians greatly depend on world markets, so they should welcome any international action that can ensure the stability of prices in the world markets,

Japan is known as another small nation with big population, which was able to overtake such industrialized country as the USA in some fields of economy. Traditionally the country has to produce some manufactures goods for export in order to import additional foodstuffs. The main items of Japanese export are high-tech products such as computers and computer programmers, modern automobiles, high-quality machinery and equipment, reliable household appliances, etc. Nowadays Japan has become one of the largest contributors of long-term capital to developing countries.

Commentary to the text

Thus - следовательно

Tasks to the text:

1. Fill in the words from the texts (use the appropriate form of the words): to seek; to obtain (2); to maintain, reliable; to mean; facilities (2); items; amount/quantity;

1. Plants should regularly replace old production … by new … .

2. A firm may … a credit only if it provides some guarantees.

3. At present the main … of export in Russia are oil, gas and other natural resources.

4. … of production include labour, capital and natural resources.

5. Nowadays industrialized countries … for new markets for their goods especially in Latin America and Africa.

6. In order to have … equipment the workers must … it in proper condition.

7. The … of oil sold by the OPEC countries may fall to maintain the prices in the world market.

8. The main contributor of money to a business is to … the largest share of profits.

2. Answer the questions:

1. What do people seek for?

2. Why is economic security of large nations relatively high?

3. How can a small nation ensure its economic security?

4. What do you know about Belgium?

5. How can the Belgians maintain a relatively high level of living?

6. Why is trade so important for Belgium?

7. What are the main items of Japanese export?

3. Write a short summary to the text (not more than 5 sentences).

Выполните упражнения на закрепление грамматики.