IV. Вставьте соответствующий предлог

1. The book is . . . the table.

2. The girl is . . .the table.

3. The book is . . . the bag.

4. The chair is ... the table.

5. There is a lamp ... the desk.

6. We have lunch ... 11 o'clock and 12 o'clock.

7. What street do you live ...?

8. Last week he went ... Moscow.

9. They will go ... the college tomorrow.

10. She goes ... work ... bus.

11. My brother stayed ... home ... the evening.

12. They often go ... a walk ... the park.

13. My fa­ther works ... the plant.

14. I don't like to sit … the window.

15. She stood ... and went ...the room.

16. There is a garden ... our house.

17. The bridge is ... the river.

18. All students are ... the lesson now.

19. Where are the boys? They are ... the park.

Variant “b”

Pre-reading tasks

1. Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:

1. applied (adj) [ə`plaid] – прикладной

2. to deal with (v) [di׃l] – иметь дело (с), вести дело (с)

3. various (adj) [`vεəriəs] – различный, разный

4. enterprise (n) [`entəpraiz] – предприятие

5. degree (n) [di`gri׃] – степень, ступень

6. competitor (n) [kəm`petitə] –конкурент, соперник

7. to influence smth/smbd (v) [`influəns] – влиять, оказывать влияние на что-либо/кого-либо

8. profit (n) [`profit] – прибыль, доход

9. loss (n) [los] – потеря, убыток

10. to engage (v) [in`geidʒ] – занимать, нанимать

11. closely (adv) [`kləusli] – близко, тесно

12. decade (n) [di`keid] – десятилетие

13. consumption (n) [kən`sΛmpʃn] – потребление, расход

14. source (n) [so׃s] – источник

15. equipment (n) [i`kwipmənt] – оборудование

16. to introduce (v) [ֽintrə`dju׃s] – вводить, внедрять

17. scarcity (n) [`skεəsiti] – недостаток, дефицит

18. rise (n) [raiz] – повышение, увеличение, подъем

19. adjustment (n) [ə`dʒΛstment] – регулирование, корректировка

20. to adjust (v) [ə`dʒΛst] – приспосабливать, подгонять, регулировать

21. to cope with (v) [kəup] – справляться (с)

2. Translate the following word and word-combinations from English into Russian:

the degree of concentration, applied fields, to some degree, manufactured goods, closely connected with, in recent decade, the consumption of various sources of energy, to become scarce, since that time, serious adjustment have been made, for the last few decades, wood and coal are used as the main sources, to regulate oil prices, the sources are replaced, energy scarcity

3. Make the corresponding adjectives using these words:

education, variety, competitor, profit, closely, recently, scarcity, agriculture, manufacture, greatly.

4. Find synonyms among the following words:

manufactured, though, however, industrial, specialist, to regulate, various, sphere, basic, expert, to form, different, profit, to substitute for, to adjust, income, to replace by, to organize, field, main.

5. In the dictionary find antonyms to these words:

profit, to rise, interesting, important, public, growth, income, inflation, different.

Text

Applied fields of economics

There is a basic theory and facts in economics, in which economics are interested. However, economics has some applied fields that deal with specific topics, such as industrial economics, agricultural economics, economics of education, economics of labour, etc.

Industrial organization and structure are studied by industrial economics which also analyzes markets for manufactured as well as policies of various enterprises. The degree of concentration and barriers against new competitors in the market have already been analyzed by industrial economics for such important branches of economy as mining, gas and oil industries. The behaviour of firms and companies in an industry is influenced by the structure of the industry. Both profits and losses in any industry are affected by the behaviour of firms and companies engaged in the industry.

The economics of energy is known as another important field of applied economics closely connected with industrial economics. A lot of energy has been used by the modern economy in recent decades. Farms, factories, plants, transportation as well as families have greatly increased the consumption of various sources of energy since new modern equipment and technologies were introduced.

In the past, wood and coal were used as the main sources of energy. Then, these sources were replaced by gas and oil in most industries However? I the 1970s energy sources became scarce and there were a rise in energy prices. Since that time serious adjustments have been made by industrial economies in order to cope with the energy scarcity.

For the last few decades such problems have been discussed by specialists and government in many countries. Regular meetings are held by the OPEC* formed in order to regulate oil prices.

Commentary to the text

OPEC – Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (ОПЕК – Организация стран – экспортеров нефти)

Tasks to the text:

1. Fill in the words from the texts (use the appropriate form of the words): to deal with; a competitor, an adjustment; to cope with; closely connected; a competition; a consumption, a rise; scarcity; to influence.

1. The economics of energy is … with industrial economics.

2. Labour economics … such as problems as employment, unemployment, education, etc.

3. Governments in developing countries try … the problem of economic dependence on developed countries.

4. There is a great … of qualified specialists such as teachers, doctors, mechanics in agricultural areas.

5. The behaviour of a monopolists greatly … the prices for the industry’s products.

6. Sometimes government … are necessary to protect domestic producers from foreign … .

7. There is a strong … among large companies in the world market.

8. The … in … of oil products has increased their prices.

2. Answer the questions:

1. What topics do applied fields in economics deal with?

2. What does industrial economics study?

3. What influences profits and losses in any industry?

4. Why is economics of energy closely connected with industrial economics?

5. What were the main sources of energy in the past?

6. Why were adjustments made in most industries in the 1970s?

7. How are prices for oil regulated now?

8. What does OPEC mean?

3. Write a short summary to the text (not more than 5 sentences).

Выполните упражнения на закрепление грамматики.

1. Поставьте прилагательное в правильную форму

1. Bananas require (hot) climate for growth than potatoes.

2. Consumers were interested in (cheap) goods of (high) quality.

3. Sometimes the work of a farmer is (difficult) than that of an industrial worker.

4. Food, clothes and a house are (necessary) things for man’s life.

5. Angola is known as a (little) developed country.