I. Употребите глаголы в соответствующем контексту предложения времени действительного или страдательного залога.

1. Farmers of different countries usually (to support) long-term ecological programs.

2. The first meeting of the International Forum on Globalization (to hold) in San Francisco in January 1994.

3. The world’s resources of water and other natural resources (not/ to use) properly in recent years.

4. The degree of economic interdependence between different countries in the world (to increase) today as a result of close trade relations.

5. Even now the protective tariffs (to impose) on the export] of some manufactured goods from Latin American I countries to Europe.

6. Russia (to join) the World Trade Organization when all the necessary adjustments in the national economy (to do) by the government offices.

7. Harvard University (to have) this name because in 1638 John Harvard (to leave) all his money to a school that later (to become) the well-known university.

II. Переведите однокоренные слова и определите, какими частями речи они являются.

1. globe, globalization, global, globally

2. establish, establishment, established, establishing

3. competitive, competitiveness, compete, competition, competitor

4. Europe, European, euro

5. circulate, circulating, circulation

III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение сокращений.

1. Please quote c.i.f. Chicago prices.

2. While the goods are in a warehouse, the insurance covers the risk of fire, burglary, etc.

3. In an f.o.b. transaction the seller is entitled to compensation for extra storage expenses if the buyer’s vessel bound to pick up the goods fails to call at the port in time.

4. APR is the cost of credit calculated as a percent on an annual basis.

IV. Измените каждое предложение дважды, образуя предложения нереального условия, а)относящиеся к настоящему и будущему, б)относящиеся к прошедшему времени. Переведите их.

1. If too much money is available, its value will decrease and it will result in inflation.

2. Many companies will lose their stable position in the market if reces­sion continues.

3. If the output decreases, the company’s costs per unit of the goods pro­duced will rise.

4. If the company issues new stocks, it will be possible to replace the obsolete equipment.

5. If the wage paid in a certain industry rises, workers will be attracted from other industries.

Variant “b”

Pre-reading tasks

1. Remember all the following words and word-combination well:

1. fundamentals (n pl) [ֽfΛndə`mentlz] – основы

2. to exhaust (v) [ig`zo׃st] – истощать, исчерпывать

3. self-sufficiency (n) [ֽselfsə`fiʃənsi] – самообеспеченность, независимость

4. policy (n) [`polisi] – политика, линия поведения, курс

5. to rely on (v) [ri`lai] – полагаться, рассчитывать

6. domestic (adj) [də`mestik] – внутренний, отечественный

7.prosperity (n) [pros`periti] – процветание, благосостояние

8. to cooperate (v) [kəu`opəreit] – сотрудничать

9. foreign (adj) [`forin] – иностранный

10. protective (adj) [prə`tektiv] – защитный, предохранительный

protection (n) [prə`tekʃn] – защита, ограждение охрана

11. total (adj) [`təutl] – весь, целый, полный, суммарный

total (n) – целое, сумма

12. to restrain (v) [ris`trein] – сдерживать, ограничивать

13. to expand (v) [iks`pænd] – расширять(ся), увеличивать(ся)

14. to recognize (v) [`rekəgnaiz] - признавать

15. to cause (v) [ko׃z] – вызывать, причинять

16. well-being (n) [ֽwel`bi׃iŋ] – благополучие

2. Translate the following word and word-combinations from English into Russian:

in accordance with, foreign trade, protective tariff, to meet demand, on the one hand, on the other hand, free enterprise, in favor of, nowadays, although in future, by various policies, particular economic characteristics, to be less self-sufficient, to participate directly, land surface of the earth, a certain degree of economic security, the only practical economic way of life, to prevent.

3. Make the corresponding adverbs using these words:

natural, accordance, certain, efficiency, particular, usual, direct, total, good, free.

4. Find synonyms among the following words:

fundamentals, commerce, prosperity, wealth, to participate, foundations, protection, frequently, effective, independence, trade, well-being, various, defense, self-sufficiency, to take part, often, efficient, rich, different.

5. In the dictionary find antonyms to these words:

domestic, rich, dependent, effective, export, strong, practical, demand, on the one hand.

Text

Large nations

Economic security of large nations can be maintained, which means their smaller dependence on world markets. Nowadays these large nations are provided with such economic fundamentals as natural resources, good agricultural land, and effective manufacturing enterprises relatively well, although in future gas, oil and mineral resources will be exhausted and these nations will have to export them.

Self-sufficiency can be ensured by the government policies of large nations but it is impossible for more dependent nations. Self-sufficiency may be achieved by various policies in accordance with particular economic characteristics of each nation. Although large and rich nations are less self-sufficient today than they were 30 years ago, they are still able to rely mainly on their domestic resources and production for national prosperity.

The USA is an example of a country with a free market economy and strong economic fundamentals. It’s also known as an economy of free enterprise. American government does participate directly in foreign trade but it often uses protective tariffs to support domestic producers. The USA has always been more interested in the development of domestic market. More than 90 percent of the nation’s total trade has recently been done on its territory. Thus*, the USA has sought to maintain its economic security through a policy of protection that has restrained trade with other nations in favor of a domestic market where industry and agriculture have been free to develop and expand to meet domestic demand.

At present a variety of policies are being followed by different countries in the world economy. However, all these policies are being used in order to provide a certain degree of economic security for a nation.

On the one hand, the economic security of any nation is based on economic nationalism recognized as the only practical economic way of life in the modern world. One other hand, various conflicts can be caused if nation follows policies of restraints in trade which prevent the growth of world economic well-being.

Commentary to the text

Thus - следовательно

Tasks to the text:

1. Fill in the words from the texts (use the appropriate form of the words): to be exhausted; to rely; to cause; total; self-sufficiency; prosperity; policy, protective tariffs; foreign trade.

1. As there were not enough foodstuffs and water, the people … at the end of the expedition.

2. In accordance with the government’s … no … should be used in trade relationships with different countries.

3. … income and losses of the company are calculated at the end of the year.

4. … was the main policy of the first farmer who came to North America.

5. In agriculture it is difficult … on the same quantity of harvested crops every year as weather cannot be controlled by man.

6. … of any country often depends on the political and economic situation in the whole world.

7. The principals of … are widely studded by students of economics.

8. What can … high unemployment in the country?

2. Answer the questions:

1. What economic fundamentals can provide relative economic security?

2. What kind of policy can the government of large nations follow?

3. Are large nations more self-sufficient nowadays than several decades ago?

4. What are the main characteristics of the US economy?

5. What is the main strategy of the US economy?

6. What is the aim of every economic policy of any country?

7. What are the reasons for conflicts in the modern world?

3. Write a short summary to the text (not more than 5 sentences).

Выполните упражнения на закрепление грамматики.