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Сети и телекоммуникации

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MklZgh\dZ \gmlj_gg_]h fh^_fZ

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=g_a^Z b eZfihqdb

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H[sbc \b^ \g_rg_]h fh^_fZ

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‡HG Off-Hook) — fh^_f kgye ljm[dm Ijb gZ[hj_ ghf_jZ wlhl bg^bdZlhj fb]Z_l

• CD (Carrier Detect) — fh^_f khh[sZ_l h gZebqbb g_kms_c \ ebgbbklj l _ h lhf qlh mklZgh\e_gh kh_^bg_gb_

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DhffmgbdZpbhggu_ ijh]jZffu

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