- •Предисловие
- •Методические указания по организации самостоятельной работы
- •Как нужно развивать технику письма на английском языке:
- •2. The Revised Kyoto Convention
- •Customs conventions and recommendations
- •Working on the text
- •The Revised Kyoto Convention
- •Working on the text
- •Ex.9. Summary: Write down a Summary of the text “The Revised Kyoto Convention”. Ex.10. Text rendering: Render the text “The Revised Kyoto Convention”.
- •Grammar revision
- •The London Dungeon
- •Working on the article Kyoto Protocol heated bra developed
- •Tasks for the article
- •Kyoto Protocol heated bra developed
- •Kyoto Protocol heated bra developed
- •Student a’s questions
- •Additional tasks
- •1. Vocabulary extension: Choose several words from the text. Use a dictionary or Google’s search field (or another search engine) to build up more associations / collocations with each word.
- •2. The Istanbul Convention
- •The hs Convention
- •Working on the text
- •The Istanbul Convention Convention relating to temporary admission
- •Working on the text
- •Grammar revision
- •Working on the article Anti-tobacco treaty begins (from: www. Breakingnewsenglish.Com)
- •Tasks for the article
- •Anti-tobacco treaty begins
- •Additional tasks
- •2. The cites
- •The tir convention
- •Working on the text
- •What is cites?
- •Working on the text
- •Grammar revision
- •Hadran’s wall
- •Working on the article un agrees to ban on ivory trade (from: www. Breakingnewsenglish.Com)
- •Tasks for the article
- •Un agrees to ban on ivory trade
- •Ex.12. Read and fill in gaps. Un agrees to ban on ivory trade
- •Ex.17. Student poaching survey: Write five questions about elephant poaching. Ex.18. Ivory trade discussion:
- •Ex.20. Speaking: role play:
- •Ex.21. Writing: Write about the elephants and ivory for 10 minutes. Correct your partner’s paper. Additional tasks
- •2. Customs enforcement and compliance
- •Customs technologies
- •Working on the text
- •What is Customs Enforcement and Compliance
- •Working on the text
- •Grammar revision Ex.1. Functions of transitional words and phrases revision:
- •Ex.2. Transitional words and phrases finding: read the text and put transitional words and phrases into the table below:
- •Identify any transitional words and phrases, comment on their function and find an equivalent for them.
- •Ex.4. Words:Put the following transitional words and phrases back into the text: moreover, and not only…but , finally, because; working on the article
- •Internet Piracy Bill in Trouble
- •Tasks for the article
- •2. Obligations, Powers and Liability of the eu Customs Authorities
- •Application of Customs Control International Standards. Moving goods across the borders
- •Working on the text
- •Obligations, Powers and Liability of the eu Customs Authorities
- •Working on the text
- •Grammar revision
- •Working on the article
- •Ireland ‘No’ vote plunges eu into crisis (from: www. Elsdiscussions.Com)
- •Tasks for the article
- •Additional tasks
- •Customs Union between the Russian Federation, Belarus and Kazakhstan
- •Working on the text
- •Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan
- •Working on the text
- •Grammar revision
- •Working on the article Moscow is the world’s costliest city (from: www. Business.English.Materials.Com)
- •Tasks for the article
- •Moscow is the world’s costliest city
- •Ex.14. Reading: Read and fill in the spaces. Moscow is the world’s costliest city
- •Ex.17. Language: Put the correct words from a–d below in the article. Moscow is the world’s costliest city
- •Ex.19. Student cost of living survey: Write five questions about living costs. Ex.20. Living costs discussion:
- •Ex.22. Speaking: cost of living presentation:
- •Additional tasks
- •2. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
- •World Customs Organization
- •Working on the text
- •General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
- •2. Major Provisions of gatt
- •1. Tariff
- •2. Quantitative Restrictions
- •3. Other provisions
- •4. Achievements and Problems of gatt/wto
- •5. Difference between gatt and wto
- •Working on the text
- •Ex.16.Writing:
- •Grammar revision
- •Working on the article Airport security New body scanners see through clothes
- •Tasks for the article
- •Ex.8.Airport security discussion:
- •Ex.9.Writing: Write about airport. Correct your partner’s paper.
- •2. Russia’s accession to the wto
- •What is the wto?
- •Working on the text
- •Ex.14. Writing: Write about the World Trade Organization for 10 minutes. Correct your partner’s paper.
- •Russia’s accession to the wto
- •Industrial and agricultural subsidies
- •Working on the text
- •Grammar revision
- •Working on the article Arabs Want Arabic as a wto Language (from: www.Esldiscussions.Com)
- •Tasks for the article
- •Ex.2. Gap fill: Read the article and fill in the gaps.
- •Ex.3. Phrase match: Match the following phrases from the article.
- •Ex.5. Spelling: Spell the jumbled words (from the text) correctly.
- •Ex.5. Put the text back together: Number these lines in the correct order.
- •Ex.6. Word order: With a partner, put the words back into the correct order.
- •Risk management in Customs procedures
- •Working on the text
- •Intellectual Property Rights
- •Working on the text
- •Grammar revision
- •Working on the article The Inellectual Property Day (from: www. Elsdiscussions.Com)
- •Tasks for the article
- •Ex.2. Phrase match: Match the following phrases from the article.
- •2. Us Customs and Border Protection (cbp)
- •3. Australian Customs and Border Protection Service
- •Ex.3. Reading: Read and translate the text “hm Revenue and Customs”.
- •U.S. Customs and Border Protection (cbp)
- •Working on the text
- •Australian Customs and Border Protection Service
- •Organizational arrangements
- •Working on the text
- •Ex.3. Reading: Read and translate the text “Australian Customs and Border Protection Service.”
- •Ex.9. Computer presentation: Make a computer presentation on the Australian Customs and Border Protection Service.
- •Grammar revision
- •Working on the article Rate of uk immigration rises sharply (from: www. Breakingnewsenglish.Com)
- •Tasks for the article
- •Ex.8. Immigration problem discussion:
- •Rate of uk immigration rises sharply
- •Rate of uk immigration rises sharply
- •Ex.19. Writing: Write about immigration for 10 minutes. Correct your partner’s paper.
- •2. International Customs Cooperation
- •Green Customs Initiative
- •Working on the text
- •International Customs Cooperation
- •Working on the text
- •Grammar revision
- •Working on the article Loss of Nature Will Damage Economies (from: www.Breakingnewsenglish.Com)
- •Tasks for the article
- •2. The Russian Customs Academy Overview
- •Fcs International Customs Co-operation
- •Working on the text
- •The Russian Customs Academy Overview
- •Working on the text
- •Grammar revision
- •Working on the article The Russia Experience
- •Tasks for the article
- •2. International Activities of the Russian Customs Academy
- •International Network of Customs Universities (incu)
- •Incu Administration
- •Working on the text
- •International Activities of the Russian Customs Academy
- •Working on the text
- •Grammar revision
- •Working on the article The way to the 10th anniversary…
- •Tasks for the article
- •Working on the article The 6th annual picard Conference
- •Tasks for the article
- •Reference grammar materials
- •Verb Tense Overview with Examples
- •Active / Passive Verb Forms
- •Active Form
- •Passive Form
- •Active / Passive Overview
- •Transitional Words and Phrases
- •1. Why do we use transitional words and phrases?
- •2. Different functions of transitional words and phrases
- •2.1 Functions
- •Transitional Phrases
- •What are Phrasal Verbs and Prepositional Verbs
- •Modal Verbs Tutorial Modals are special verbs which behave very irregularly in English. What are Modal Verbs?
- •Common Modal Verbs
- •Modal Forms
- •Gerunds and Infinitives (Part I)
- •Verbs Followed by Gerunds
- •Verbs Followed by Infinitives
- •Gerunds and Infinitives (Part 2)
- •Subjunctive Form
- •Verbs Followed by the Subjunctive
- •Expressions Followed by the Subjunctive
- •Negative, Continuous and Passive Forms of Subjunctive
- •Should as Subjunctive
- •Reported Speech (Indirect Speech)
- •Statements
- •Questions
- •Requests
- •Additional Information and Exemptions
- •Addendum II writing instructions materials
- •How to summarize an Article
- •How to write a Speech
- •How to write an Essay
- •How to write an Annotation
- •Abstract writing guidelines
- •Writing a Message
- •What are Skimming and Scanning
- •How to write a Welcome Letter?
- •How to write a Newsletter?
- •Addendum III. Types of documents used in international co-operation activities Treaties
- •Agreements
- •Conventions
- •Charters
- •Protocols
- •Declarations
- •Memoranda of Understanding
- •Modus Vivendi
- •Samples of documents used in international co-operation activities
- •Invitation letter
- •Newsletter
- •Invitation letter
- •Memorandum of understanding
- •Russian language articles
- •Фтс в 2011г. Перевыполнила план
- •Наше присоединение делает вто абсолютно универсальным институтом
- •Таможне надо помогать инвесторам, а не быть барьером, заявил Медведев
- •Беларусь выравнивает условия на автомобильном рынке с партнерами по Таможенному союзу
- •Киотская конвенция Всемирной таможенной организации вступила в силу для Беларуси
- •Принцип оформления «одна остановка - одно окно» позволит ускорить прохождение границы
- •Ситес решила создать фонд для защиты слонов и расследовать нелегальную торговлю змеиной кожей
- •Прогноз «Стратегии-2020»: Выгоды и риски вступления России в вто
- •Счетная палата недосчитала 725 млрд. Рублей
- •Будущее таможни – в международной интеграции и новых технологиях (итоги работы Магнитогорской таможни)
- •English language articles
- •Corruption in Russia
- •Начало формы Конец формы Global Meltdown
- •Green Living
- •Preview some of the lesson material:
- •Marijuana to Fight the Munchies
- •Nations Increasingly Strict on Immigration
- •New Language Boom
- •Preview some of the lesson material:
- •Начало формы Конец формы Oil, Water, and the Future
- •Начало формы Конец формы Soda Tax
- •The Amnesty International Report
- •Gun Law Reform
- •Preview some of the lesson material:
- •Extreme Views on the Internet
- •Depression on the Horizon
- •Digital Age
- •Список литературы
- •2. Официальный сайт комиссии Таможенного Союза: www.Tsouz.Ru.
- •Содержание
- •2. The Revised Kyoto Convention
- •Addendum II. Writing instructions materials …..……………...………286 addendum III. Types of documents used in international cooperationactivities………………………………………………….....……...305
How to write a Speech
As you hang up the telephone, the icy fingertips of panic grip your stomach; your heart races. Your most recent project was delivered on time, within budget, and is approaching payback one year ahead of schedule. As a result, your Industry Association wants you to address their annual convention. Relax! They believe you have something to offer. Here are some steps to ease your palpitations. A good reader is most likely to be a good writer and speaker. Read as much as you can. Stay abreast with the happenings around.
Steps:
Remember that all great speeches, and even some not so great, require shape. The old saying is hard to beat: "Tell them what you will tell them; tell them; then tell them what you told them."
Remember to use ethos, pathos, and logos to persuade your audience. Use a good vocabulary, but not one that causes you to lose your connection with your audience.
“Shake hands” with the aud You have something worthy of being said. Former Ambassador Robert Strauss used to begin his addresses like this: "Before I begin this speech, I have something to say." This passage was always composed in a style that enabled him to reclaim a powerful tone for the instructive portion of his remarks. Put on your smile; calm your nerves, then get to work. You may want to start with a smashing one-liner or an anecdote.
Rise to the occasion. In other words, feel passionately about your topic. Recall old Uncle Ned's tear jerking toast at the wedding? Even ordinary folks can deliver great moments of oratory if they rise to the occasion. Make sure the audience feels how important the topic is to you, so that they begin to think about why they should care.
Build clear and sensible transitions (segues) from one thought to the next. The biggest mistake speakers and writers make is to assume people will follow their leaps of logic. Spell out to the audience when you are taking a turn in your thoughts with phrases like: "As an example of this" or "This brings us to the larger problem of," and so forth.
Focus. A "great" speech does not need to start out great and stay great to the finish. It engages the listeners. It makes allowances for a dip in interest in the middle. Then, it gathers anticipation for its key moment. John Stuart Mill, the political economist, defined the orator's art this way: "Everything important to his purpose was said at the exact moment when he had brought the minds of his audience into the state most fitted to receive it."
Add purpose. A speech should be made for a good reason. To inspire, to instruct, to rally, and to lead are noble purposes. To sound off, to feed a speaker's ego, to flatter, or to intimidate are not.
Know your theme. If you cannot answer the question "what do you want to say?" in a single, declarative sentence, do yourself and the audience a favor: decline the invitation.
Write with one particular person in mind, someone you actually know. This helps you to keep the message real and personable. This helps you anticipate reactions and keep your language down to earth.
Deliver the goods. Delivery is the essence of eloquence. It requires practice, discipline, drill, and timing. You can be your own trainer. As you develop self-confidence, you put the audience at ease, or make them sit up. Your eye is in contact with the people, not the page. If looking at people makes you nervous, look between them, at the clock on the back wall, over somebody's shoulder - as long as it seems you're making eye-contact. Your professional passion is contagious. Use gestures to emphasize points, and make sure your tone of voice and facial expressions are appropriate for the topic.
Illustrate. Illustrations can come in the form of slides, visuals, stories, jokes, or dramatic gestures. Your goal is to make some portion of the speech stick to the mind of the audience--if someone asks about it afterwards, they should say something like, 'I enjoyed the story Tom told about his sister,' or 'The pie chart of this year's earnings was helpful.'
Give your audience a sense of completion. Bring them back to the beginning, but with a louder spirit. This can be done by starting the last paragraph with a quiet, declarative sentence.
Tips:
You may experience instant, sustained applause punctuated by the occasional "Bravo" and the ever-present pundit punk who wrinkles his brow and wonders aloud, "But what was really said?"
Each person in the audience experiences your speech as an individual. Speak to them as individuals, by using words like "you" and "your" instead of "all of you" or "everybody here"; it is more direct and compelling, and will engage each member of your audience, whether it be five or five thousand.
Focus your attention on one individual at a time, just as you would in normal, everyday conversation. This will help to relax you, and mitigate the fear of speaking to very large crowds. Shift your focus around the room, to different sections of your audience. By including every area, even when you might not be able see them individually, each person will feel as if you are speaking directly to them, not at them.
Most speakers deal with the eye contact issue by twisting their body from side to side. They look from side to side as if watching a tennis match. Don't make this mistake. Make eye contact using comfortable, natural body and head movements with purposeful glances at different areas.
Smile from time to time but refrain from grinning like an idiot.
Consider your audience's frame of reference. A simple way to do it is to think about: Who's in the audience? Why are they here? And after hearing your speech what's the first thing you would like them to do or say to someone else perhaps?
Don't read your speech. Speak it from memory. You may miss a couple minor points (and even a major one), but if you can't remember it long enough to say it, why would anyone else remember long enough to act on it?
If you are not a seasoned speaker, it is fine to read your speech as long as your delivery isn't stilted and amateurish like a kid reading from a textbook. You may not have time for memorization. If not, don't be embarrassed to read your speech. Getting your message out counts the most. Look up and smile from time to time to let the audience know you haven't forgotten them.
Almost everyone can remember an early experience when they were obsessed with memorization and suddenly drew a blank. It can derail a speech. Be comfortable with your subject and have the bullet points on a few 3x5 cards. Relax and don't be anal about flawless delivery; people probably won't hold it against you.
Ronald Reagan had a rule that he would always carry a written copy of his speech in case something happened during the speech
Use a dramatic pause to emphasize an important point. Stop talking for a second and look as if you are pondering your next words.
Vary the speed of delivery and the loudness of your voice. Talk faster and louder when moving on to a new thought. Speak slowly and lower your voice for emphasis.
Act as if you lived for this one speech your whole life.
You can fight off stage fright and fear of failure by knowing your subject. Having a commanding knowledge of your topic will show in you, just like not knowing your topic will show-even more so.
Practice your speech with someone else if possible, and ask him/her for input.
People say "Thank you" to signal that, yes, the speech is over. It is a very weak ending to a speech. You really shouldn't thank the audience, any more than they should thank you. You have given the audience a significant experience and they have given you their polite (or enthusiastic) attention. Call it even.
Let the final, forceful sentence be the natural ending of your speech. Signal the end simply by smiling and stepping away from the lectern or podium. If you didn't use a lectern (always a good idea), smile and wave, take a bow, or move to shake hands with someone to signal the end of your dazzling performance. The speech itself might have been a snore fest but at least you'll have a polished exit.
If the speech is followed by questions/answers, it's OK to come BACK to the podium or front of the room when the applause dies down. You don't have to stay up there.
If you are delivering a eulogy or some other solemn address, ditch the smile. Keep your voice and expression solemn and serious at all times. Just emulate a newscaster when they are bringing sad news.
Legendary Actor Anthony Quinn used this technique to give him confidence before an audience.
Imagine a ray of energy emanating from deep in the earth and radiating up through your heels, up your spine, and then throughout your body. Keep this image in the back of your mind as you deliver your lines (er, speech).
If you have a lot of time to practice, you can develop some gestures. Gestures are better than keeping your hands in your pockets or folded with the fingers laced. However, if your gestures are awkward and distracting, keep your hands in your pockets.
Watch JFK's inaugural address for pointers on gestures. JFK invented stabbing your closed hand forward while touching your thumb with your curved forefinger. Every major politician now uses that gesture.
Think hard before incorporating flip charts or a dry-erase board into your presentation. For one thing, you don't want to poison the air with the dreadful fumes emitted by dry-erase markers. Eventually you will find yourself talking to your flip chart and not the audience. The audience will be distracted by your scribblings or watching you fumble with your exhibits.
Insecure speakers like stage props because they take the focus off them. Whatever best suits you.
Who better to write your introduction than you? Before your speech, contact the person who will be introducing you and give them your introduction. Unless they are a total creepazoid, they will be thankful that you saved them the chore of drafting your introduction.
Be conscious of ummms and ahhhs. Speakers use these as filler for pauses, to let people know they haven't finished their thought. They make you sound hesitant and unsure, however. Too many ummms and ahhhs get to be annoying. It's OK to let silence intrude on your sentence. When you wean yourself of ummms, ahhhs, and y'knows you will be taking a big step toward effective public speaking.
Avoid a sing-song delivery, especially the mannerism known as "uptalk." Uptalk is ending sentences and phrases with a question mark. Not only is it annoying, It makes you sound immature. And very unsure of yourself, no one will be able to stand to listen to you.
Start writing as if you are creating an essay or informative article. When you are comfortable with your draft, read it aloud. Listen to a recording. The style should be different than a typical essay or article. You can't have paragraphs that drone on. Rather than pack your talk with boring facts and figures, give them a handout (AFTER your talk). It's OK to repeat or revisit important points for emphasis.
The type of event you attend will determine the length of your speech. Consider that the average speaker speaks 100 to 135 words per minute. Below are sample speech lengths:
Standard keynote speaker: 18 - 22 minutes (est. 1800 to 2970 words)
Motivator: 12 - 15 minutes (est. 1200 to 2025 words)
Ceremonial speaker: 5 - 7 minutes (est. 500 to 945 words)
News conference: 2 - 3 minutes (est. 200 to 405 words)
Wedding toast: 2 - 3 minutes (est. 200 to 405 words)