1. The Agency’s budget (not to allow for - Past Simple Active) such a massive increase.

2. How many pictures (to join - Present Simple Passive) to make this animation?

3. The boxes (to make - Past Simple Passive) of heavy panels of metal bolted together.

4. A mainline railway train (to derail - Past Simple Passive) by the car.

5. Forty-five people were injured when a passenger train (to derail - Past Simple Active) near Ottumwa, Iowa.

6. A hole (to be - Present Simple Active) a hollow space in something solid, with an opening on one side.

7. I (to get - Past Simple Active) interested in wrestling because of Denny.

8. They (not to play - Present Continuous Active) baseball today because of the rain.

9. I still (to find - Present Perfect Active) a suitable job.

10. Plants of this type (to be - Past Simple Active) suitable for use in an aquarium.

11. The software (to filter out - Present Simple Active) Internet sites whose content is not suitable for children.

12. Heavy traffic (to cause - Present Continuous Active) delays on the freeway.

13. The bolts holding the wheel in place (to shear off - Past Simple Active).

Ex. 7. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the words with the prefix mis-.

1. The city miscalculated the cost of earthquake repairs for the Bay Bridge.

2. The city miscalculated the cost of earthquake repairs for the Bay Bridge.

3. Students have a tendency to misbehave themselves at exam time.

4. In your case the rules have been misapplied.

5. He was fired for serious misconduct.

6. Roy's heart condition was originally misdiagnosed as pneumonia.

7. Our mail was misdirected to the wrong street.

8. Some of the goods had been mishandled and damaged.

9. Don’t be misled into thinking that scientific research is easy.

10. It can't really cost £20 - it must be a misprint.

11. Rachel, you must have misunderstood her! Ellie would never say something like that.

12. Measures must be taken to prevent confidential data from being misused.

13. Their business manager misspent millions of the company's money.

14. The equipment could be dangerous if mishandled.

15. I thought he said he was coming today, but I must have misheard.

16. They were deliberately misinformed about their rights.

17. Some people are very mistrustful of computers.

Ex. 8. Before reading the text make sure you know the phrases below. You can look them up in a dictionary.

• perforated steel plates

• likelihood of the rails misaligning

• to exacerbatе the seriousness

Ex. 8. Practice the reading of the following phrases:

higher speeds are required, rail lengths, continuous welded rail, perforated steel plates, 66 ft long, 39 or 78 feet long, or 23.8 m long, 600 mm long, 1.97 ft long, oppositely-oriented, the rails misaligning with each other, a "clickety-click" sound, ride quality, the Hither Green rail.

Ex. 9. Read the text and translate it, using a dictionary, if necessary.

Text 1

JOINTED TRACK

Joining rails

Rails are produced in lengths and need to be joined end-to-end to make a continuous surface on which trains may run. The traditional method of joining the rails is to bolt them together using metal fishplates, producing jointed track. For more modern usage, particularly where higher speeds are required, the rail lengths may be welded together to form continuous welded rail (CWR). To make jointed track lengths of rail are bolted together using perforated steel plates. In the UK the rail length is usually 20 m (66 ft) long; in North America it may be 39 or 78 feet (11.9 or 23.8 m) long. Perforated steel plates are known as fishplates (UK) or joint bars (USA).

Fishplates are usually 600 mm (1.97 ft) long. They are used in pairs on either side of the rail ends and bolted together (usually four, but sometimes six bolts per joint). The bolts may be oppositely-oriented so that in the event of a derailment, only some of the bolts will be sheared, reducing the likelihood of the rails misaligning with each other and exacerbating the seriousness of the derailment. However, this technique is not applied universally: British practice is to have all the bolt heads on the same side of the rail. Small gaps are deliberately left between the rail ends to allow for expansion of the rails in hot weather. The holes through which the fishplate bolts pass are oval to allow for movement with expansion. Because of the small gaps left between the rails, when trains pass over jointed tracks they make a "clickety-click" sound.

Unless it is well-maintained, jointed track does not have the ride quality of continuous welded rail and is less suitable for high speed trains. However, jointed track is still used in many countries on lower speed lines and sidings. Jointed track is widely used in poorer countries due to the lower construction costs and the simpler equipment required for its installation and maintenance.

A major problem of jointed track is cracking around the bolt holes, which can lead to the rail head breaking. This was the cause of the Hither Green rail crash in July 1967, which caused British Railways to begin converting much of its track to continuous welded rail.

Text 2

Ex. 10. Copy and memorize the following terms.

Glossary

buckling - выпучивание железнодорожных рельсов butt weld - стыковой сварной шов butt welding - сварка соединением встык flash-butt welding - стыковая сварка оплавлением contraction - сжатие to fasten - скреплять; закреплять

Ex.11. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Let’s talk about expansion and contraction. This is extremely important and very easy. Understanding these principles can prevent you from having welding catastrophes.

2. When cast iron (and other metals) is heated, they expand. When cast iron (and other metals) cool, they contract.

3. The rails buckled under the intense heat of the fire.

4. The sidewalk was cracked and buckled from the earthquake.

5. To buckle means to become bent or curved because of heat or pressure.

6. This type of plastic allows for expansion and contraction during temperature changes.

7. Contraction is the process of becoming smaller.

8. Butt welding can be used to run a processing machine continuously, as opposed to having to restart such machine with a new supply of metals.

9. Make sure all the windows are securely fastened before you leave.

10. Most modern railways use continuous welded rail (CWR. In this form of track, the rails are welded together by utilizing flash butt welding to form one continuous rail that may be several kilometers long. Because there are few joints, this form of track is very strong, provides good riding qualities, and needs less maintenance; trains can travel on it at higher speeds and with less friction (трение).

11. Flash butt welding is the preferred process which involves an automated track-laying machine running a strong electrical current through the touching ends of two unjoined pieces of rail.

12. Butt-welding is an economical and reliable way of jointing without using additional components. A butt-welding joint is made by gradually heating up the two weld ends with a weld plate and then joining them under a specific pressure. This process is very suitable for prefabrication and producing special fittings.

13. Buckling of railroad track continues to be problematic for railway engineers and maintenance personnel across all railway networks.  

    Ex. 12. Make sure you pronounce the following words and phrases correctly:

relatively, lengthening, evenly, figure 0.9 meters, cautiously, early in the 20^th century, to some extent, due to temperature changes, longitudinal expansion and contraction.

Ex. 13. Read the text and translate it, using a dictionary, if necessary.

JOINTS

Because each joint is a relatively weak spot in a track, design engineers have reduced the number of joints by lengthening the rails. The customary (≈ usual) length when locomotives were introduced was 0.9 m (3 ft), but in the 1830s this was increased to 4.6 or 6.1 m (15 or 20 ft). Early in the 20^th century the most common length for rails was 9.1 m (30 ft), and this figure soon became 10 m (33 ft) when 12.2-m (40-ft) freight cars came into general use. To some extent (≈ partly) the length of rails has been limited by difficulties in transporting them.

In the United States rails are often butt-welded together to form lengths as long as 0.4 km (0.25 mi). At first this was done cautiously for fear that expansion and contraction due to temperature changes would cause buckling. Experience showed, however, that longitudinal expansion and contraction are not excessive and need not lead to buckling. Techniques were developed for making butt welds as strong as the rails themselves. Where welding is not used, rails are joined by bars bolted to the sides so as to cover the joint. The first such joint bar was invented by Robert Stevens. On earlier railroads using metal rails, the individual sections were not fastened together in any way.

Advances in track construction in the 20^th century included using longer and stronger joint bars and wider tie plates to spread the weight of trains more evenly on the ties.

Ex. 14. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the words:

• technical - технический;

• technician - техник;

• technique - (технический) прием;

• technology - технология.

1. Many books on furniture making are too technical or require artistic skills.

2. No one here has the technical knowledge to fix the copier.

3. Avoid technical terms or phrases which, although familiar to you, may be unknown to your listener.

4. I have purposely avoided the use of technical terms.

5. Compaq Computer Corp. enjoys one of the best reputations for technical support in the computer business.

6. He started a new job as a computer technician after completing his course.

7. With the touch of a button, these highly trained technicians can change the picture being transmitted.

8. Technicians may be classified as either skilled workers or semi-skilled workers.

9. There are various techniques for dealing with industrial pollution.

10. In mathematics, we use many techniques of problem-solving.

11. A scientific technique is any systematic way of obtaining information about a scientific nature or to obtain a desired material or product.

12. There have been major new developments in satellite technology.

13. Lower prices forced the industry to cut costs and develop more efficient technology.

14. The primary reason for introducing new technology such as robots is to reduce costs and improve product quality.

15. The smart phones will begin to use new technology to become wireless Internet devices.

UNIT FIFE CONTINUOUS WELDED TRACK

Ex. 1. To refresh your memory translate the following terms into Russian.

contraction expansion butt weld flash-butt welding

tie plate to butt weld to fasten (down) technique

buckling welding derailment wrought iron

Ex. 2. Copy and memorize the following terms.

Glossary

buckling - выпучивание железнодорожных рельсов contraction - сжатие expansion - расширение flash-butt welding - стыковая сварка оплавлением force - сила site welding - сварка при монтаже tie plate - рельсовая (путевая) подкладка to butt weld - сваривать соединением встык butt weld - стыковой сварной шов to fasten (down) - скреплять; закреплять to grease - смазывать

Ex. 3. Match the English terms in column A with their Russian equivalents in column B.

A	B
annually	логическое следствие
natural consequence	электрический ток
thermal expansion	термитная сварка
electric current	ежегодно
thermit welding	соседний (смежный) путь
adjacent track	тепловое расширение

Ex. 4.Translate the following sentences from English into Russian.

1. Newton knew that the force that caused the apple’s acceleration (gravity) must be dependent upon the mass of the apple.

2. Universal Welding and Fabrication (UWF) is a Melbourne based welding and steel fabrication company providing a wide range of welding services including site welding.

3. Annual or yearly is a word often used to describe something that happens once a year.

4. It is clear that transport costs can have important consequences on the country’s economic development.

5. Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in volume in response to a

6. When measuring the expansion of a liquid, the measurement must account for the expansion of the container as well. 

7. The passage of electric current created huge magnetic forces which constricted (to constrict - сжимать) the tube.

8. A powerful electric current is passed through a piece of graphite.

9. A special regulation establishes minimum clearances (≈ distances) at which bridges, structures, and other obstructions may be constructed or placed over or adjacent to railroad tracks. It also prescribes the minimum spacing between adjacent railroad tracks.

10. Our farm land was adjacent to the river.

11. Arc (электродуговая) welding is a method of joining two pieces of metal together by heating them with a special tool.

12. We bring our welding expertise to you; we are able to weld on-site using many welding techniques.

Ex. 5.Choose the right alternative and translate the sentences.