Заключение

Если перспективы, описанные в этой статье, были описаны адекватным образом, нам следует ожидать смещения фокуса исследовательской повестки дня по вопросу о маскулинностях. Уже наметилась тенденция двигаться за пределы, означенные границами локальных изучении предмета, в направлении к компаративным исследованиям с подключением материала из различных частей света.⁹³ Однако я выступаю за то, чтобы пойти еще дальше — в направлении изучения глобальной мировой арены, а также сфер, где социально конструируются маскулинности и которые являются могущественной силой в локальной гендерной динамике. Такое движение потребует пересмотра методов исследования, поскольку и исследование биографий, и “этнографический” метод, которые являлись ведущими в исследовательских работах о маскулинности последнего времени, имеют лишь очень ограниченную сферу применимости и не могут быть адекватно задействованы в исследовании широкомасштабных институций, рынков, массовых коммуникаций, то есть того, что является определяющими факторами в мировом масштабе. В конце концов, к типическим исследованиям последних лет — то есть к индивидуальной научной работе над личными исследовательскими проектами — будет необходимо добавить работу интернациональны-

875

ми командами, способными работать вместе на протяжении длительных периодов времени над исследованием вопросов такого масштаба и сложности, подобные которым были затронуты в данной статье.

1. TimCarrigan, BobConnel, and John Lee, “Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity”, Theory and Society 14.5 (1985): 551-604.

2. W. Connell, Gender and Power (Cambridge, MA: Polity, 1987); Michael S. Kimmel, “Rethinking 'Masculinity': New Directions in Research”, in Michael S. Kimmel, ed., Changing Men: New Directions in Research on Men and Masculinity (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1987), pp. 9-24.

3. Carrigan, Connel, and Lee, op. cit.; Jeff Hearn, The Gender of Oppression: Men, Masculinity and the Critique of Marxism (Brighon, U.K.: Wheatsheaf, 1987). Gilbert H. Herdt, Guardians of the Flutes: Idioms of Masculinity (New York:

4. McGraw Hill, 1981); Cynthia Cockburn, Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change (London: Pluto, 1983).

5. W. Connell, Masculinities (Cambridge, MA: Polity, 1995); Widersprbche 56/57 (1995); Lynne Segal, Slow Motion: Changing Masculinities, Changing Men (London: Virago, 1997).

6. John Tosh, “Domesticity and Manliness in the Victorian Middle Class: The Family of Edward White Benson ”, in Michael Roper and John Tosh, eds., Manful Assertions:

7. Masculinities in Britain Since 1800 (London: Routledge, 1991), pp. 44-73.

8. Michael A. Messner, Power at Play: Sports and the Problem of Masculinity (Boston: Beacon, 1992).

9. W. Connell, “A Very Straight Gay: Masculinity, Homosexual Experience and the Dynamics of Gender”, American Sociological Review 57.6 (1992): 735-51.

10. Alan M. Klein, Little Big Men: Bodybuilding Subculture and Gender Construction (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993).

11. Robert Morell, “Boys, Gangs and the Making of Masculinity in the White Secondary Schools of Natal, 1880-1930”, Masculinities 2.2 (1994): 56-82.

12. Bonnie McElhinny, “An Economy of Affect: Objectivity, Masculinity and the Gendering of Police Work”, in Andrea Cornwall and Nancy Undisfarne, eds., Dislocating Masculinity: Comparative Ethnographies (London: Routledge, 1994), pp. 159-71.

13. Stephen Tomsen, “A Top Night: Social Protest, Masculinity and the Culture of Drinking Violence”, British Journal of Criminology 37.1 (1997): 90-103. James W. Messerschmidt, Crime as Structured Action: Gender, Race, Class and Crime in the Making (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997).

14. Gilbert H. Herdt, ed. Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984).

15. Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo and Michael A. Messner, “Gender Displays and Men's Power: The 'New Man' and the Mexican Immigrant Man”, in Harry Brod and Michael Kaufman, eds., Theorizing Masculinities (Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994), pp. 200-218.

16 Douglas E. Foley, Learning Capitalist Culture: Deep in the Heart of Tejas (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990).

¹⁷ Messerschmidt, op. cit.

¹⁸ Prank J. Barren, “ The Organizational Construction of Hegemonic Masculinity: The Case of U.S. Navy”, Gender. Work and Organization 3.3 (1996): 129-42.

¹⁹ Jim McKay and Debbie Huber, “Anchoring Media Images of Technology and Sport”, Women's Studies International Forum 15.2 (1992): 205-18.

²⁰ R. W. Connell, “An Iron Man: The Body and Some Contradictions of Hegemonic Masculinity”, in Michael A. Messner and Donald P. Sabo, eds., Sport, Men and the Gender Order: Critical Feminist Perspectives (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Books, 1990), pp. 83-95.

²¹ Cockburn, op. cit.

²² Mike Donaldson, *Time of Our Lives: Labour and Love in the Working Class (Sydney:

Alien & Unwin, 1991).

²³ David Whitson, “Sport in the Social Construction of Masculinity”, in Michael A. Messner and Donald P. Sabo, eds.. Sport, Men and the Gender Order: Critical Feminist Perspectives, pp. 19-29; Messner, Power at Play.

²⁴ R. W. Connell, “Teaching the Boys: New Research on Masculinity and Gender Strategies for Schools”, Teachers College Record 98.2 (1996): 206-35.

²⁵ Barren, op. cit. >

²⁶ Как это происходит, например, в спорте, см. Nancy Theberge, “Reflections on the Body in the Sociology of Sport”, Quest 43 (1991): 123-34.

²⁷ Donaldson, op. cit.

²⁸ Messner, Power at Play.

²⁹ James C. Walker, Louts and Legends: Male Youth Culture in an Inner-City School (Sydney: Alien & Unwin, 1988); Barrie Thorne, Gender Play: Girls and Boys in School (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1993).

³⁰ A. Klein, op. cit.

³¹ Nancy Chodorow, Femininities, Masculinities, Sexualities: Freud and Beyond (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1994); Kenneth Lewes, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Male Homosexuality, (New York: Simon & Shuster, 1988).

³² Connell, Masculinities.

³³ Christine Heward, Making a Man of Him: Parents and Their Sons' Education at an English Public School 1929-1950 (London: Routledge, 1988).

³⁴ Michael Roper, “Yesterday's Model: Product Fetishism and the British Company Man 1945-85”, in Michael Roper and John Tosh, eds., Manful Assertions:

Masculinities in Britain Since 1800, pp. 190-211.

³⁵ Michael Schwalbe, Unlocking the Iron Cage: The Men's Movement, Gender Politics and the American Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).

³⁶ Michael A. Messner, The Politics of Masculinities: Men in Movements (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997).

³⁷ Jock Phillips, A Man's Country? The Image of the Pakeha Male, a History (Auckland: Penguin, 1987).

³⁸ Michael S. Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York: Free Press, 1996).

³⁹ R. W. Connell, “The State, Gender and Sexual Politics: Theory and Appraisal”, Theory and Society 19 (1990): 507-14.

⁴⁰ Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).

⁴¹ Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Questions: The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance (Cambridge, MA: Polity, 1996).

⁴² Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York:

Academic Press, 1974).

⁴³ Annette Fuentes and Barbara Ehrenreich, Woman in the Global Factory (Boston:

South End, 1983).

⁴⁴ Connell, Gender and Power; Sylvia Walby, Theorizing Patriarchy (Oxford, U.K.:

Blackwell, 1990).

⁴⁵ Maria Mies, Patriarchy and Accumulation on a Worldscale: Women in the International Division of Labour (London: Zed, 1986).

⁴⁶ Т. Dunbar Moodie, Going for Gold: Men, Mines, and Migration (Johannesburg:

Witwalersrand University Press, 1994).

⁴⁷ Oystein Gullvag Hotter, “Gender, Patriarchy and Capitalism: Asocial Forms Analysis”, Ph.D. diss., University of Oslo, Faculty of Social Science, 1997.

⁴⁸ Deniz Kandiyoti, “The Paradoxes of Masculinity: Some Thoughts on Segregated Societies”, in Andrea Cornwall and Nancy Undisfarne, eds.. Dislocating Masculinity: Comparative Ethnographies, pp. 197-213.

⁴⁸ Компрадор (англ.) — туземец на службе европейцев, являющийся посредником между ними и туземными покупателями. — Прим. перев.

⁵⁰ Bret Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).

⁵¹ Dennis Altman, “Rupture or Continuity? The Internationalisation of Gay Identities”, Social Text 48.3 (1996): 77-94.

⁵² Amelia Simpson, Xuxa: The Mega-Marketing of Gender, Race and Modernity (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993).

⁵³ Margaret Jolly, “From Point Venus to Bali Ha'i: Erotism and Exoticism in Representations of the Pacific”, in Lenore Manderson and Margaret Jolly, eds.,Sites of Desire, Economies of Pleasure: Sexualities in Asia and the Pacific (Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 1997), pp. 99-122.

⁵⁴ Connell, Masculinities.

⁵⁵ Uta Klein, “Our Best Boys: The Making of Masculinity in Israeli Society”. Paper presented at UNESCO expert group meeting on Male Roles and Masculinities in the Perspectives of a Culture of Peace, September 1997, Oslo.

⁵⁶ Georg Tillner, “Masculinity and Xenophobia”. Paper presented at UNESCO meeting on Male Roles and Masculinities in the Perspective of a Culture of Peace, September 1997, Oslo.

⁵⁷ S. Poynting, G. Noble, and P. Tabar, “'Intersections' of Masculinity and Ethnicity:

A Study of Male Lebanese Immigrant Youth in Western Sydney”. Paper presented at the conference Masculinities: Renegoriating Genders, June 1997, University of Wollongong, Australia.

⁵⁸ Mike Featherstone, Undoing Culture: Globalization, Postmodernism and Identity (London:Sage, 1995).

⁵⁹ Wendy Hollway, “Separation, Integration and Difference: Contradictions in a Gender Regime”, inH. Lorraine Radtke and HenderikusStam, eds., Power/Gender:

Social Relations in Theory and Practice (London: Sage, 1994), pp. 247-69.

⁶⁰ Debbie Taylor, “Women: An Analysis”, in Women: A World Report (London:

Methuen, 1985), pp.1-98.

⁶¹ Rum Corps — специально сформированные Британской Империей военные час- ^В ти(1792-1810), контролировавшие регион Нового Южного Уэльса (Австралия), ^в причем не только в “полицейском”, но и — уже самовольно — в экономическом смысле (в частности, торговлю ромом и другими алкогольными напитками, за что и получили свое название). В 1808 году офицеры Корпуса совершили государственный переворот, сместив и арестовав губернатора Нового Южного Уэльса, вмешивавшегося в их отношения с населением, и два года удерживали власть. — Прим. ред.

⁶² Urs Bitterii, Cultures in Conflict: Encounters Between European and Non-European Cultures, 1492-1800 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1989).

⁶³ P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins, British Imperialism: Innovation and Expansion. 1688-19I4(Nevi York: Longman, 1993).

⁶⁴ Phillips, op. cit.

⁶⁵ Morell, op. cit. 66 Bitterii, op. cit. ⁶⁷ Moodie, op. cit.

68 Robert Morell, ed., Political Economy and Identities in Kwa Zulu-Natal: Historical

and Social Perspectives (Durban, Natal: Indicator Press, 1996). 69 Robert H. MacDonald, The Language of Empire: Myths and Methaphors of Popular

Imperialism, 1880-1918 (Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 1994).

⁷⁰ Chenjerai Shire, “Men Don't Go to the Moon: Language, Space and Masculinities in Zimbabwe”, in Andrea Cornwall and Nancy Undisfarne, eds.. Dislocating Masculinity: Comparative Ethnographies, pp. 146-58.

⁷¹ Mrinalini Sinha, Colonial Masculinity: The Manly Englishman and the Effeminate Bengali in the Late Nineteenth Century (Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 1995).

⁷² Chilla uulbeck, Australian Women in Papua New Guinea: Colonial Passages 1920-1960 (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1992).

⁷³ Graham Dawson, “ The Blond Bedouin Lowrence of Arabia, Imperial Adventure and the Imagining of English-British Masculinity”, in Michael Roper and John Tosh, eds., Manful Assertions: Masculinities in Britain Since 1800, pp. 113-44.

⁷⁴ Earl H. Kimnaonth, The Self-Made Man in Meiji Japanese Thought: From Samurai to Salary Man (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981).

⁷⁵ Michael S. Kimmel and Thomas E. Mosmiller, eds.. Against the Tide: Pro-Feminist Men in the United States, 1776-1990. A Documentary History (Boston: Beacon, 1992).

⁷⁶ Tillner, op. cit.

77 Thokozani Xaba, “Masculinity in a Transitional Society: The Rise and Fall of the

'Young Lions'”. Paper presented at the conference Masculinities in Southern Africa, June 1997, University of Natal-Durban, Durban. ⁷⁸ MikeDonaldson, “Growing up Very Rich: The Masculinity of the Hegemonic”. Paper presented at the conference Masculinities: Renegotiating Genders, June 1997, University of Wollongong, Australia. ⁷9 James Paul Gee, Glynda Hull and Colin Lankshear, The New Work Order: Behind the Language of the New Capitalism (Sydney: Alien & Unwin, 1996).

⁸⁰ Messner, The Politics of Masculinities.

⁸¹ J. William Gibson, Warrior Dreams: Paramilitary Culture in Post-Vietnam America (New York: Hill and Wang^ 1994).

⁸² Altman, op. cit.

⁸³ Jon Cohen, “NOMAS: Challenging Male Supremacy”, Changing Men (Winter/ Spring 1990): 45-56.

⁸⁴ Victor J. Seid\er,Achilles Heel Reader: Men, Sexual Politics and Socialism (London:

Routledge, 1991).

⁸⁵ Michael Kaufman, “Working with Men and Boys to Challenge Sexism and End Men's Violence”. Paper presented at UNESCO expert group meeting on Male Roles and Masculinities in the Perspective of a Culture of Peace, September 1997, Oslo.

⁸⁶ Sigrid Metz-Gockel and Ursula Miiller, Der Mann: Die Grigitte-Studie (Beltz:

Weinheim & Basel, 1986); Carol Hagemann-White and Maria S. Rerrich, eds., FrauenMannerBilder (Bielefeld: AJZ-Verlag, 1988).

⁸⁷ Heinz Kindler, Maske(r)ade: Jungen- and Mannerarbeit fur die Praxis (Neuling:

Schwabish Gemund und Tiibingen, 1993).

⁸⁸ Walter Hollstein, Machen Sie Plan, Mein Herr! Teilen statt Herrschen (Hamburg:

Rowohit, 1992).

⁸⁹ Widerspruche 56/57 (1995); Bausteine Manner, ed., Kritische Mannerforschung (Berlin: Argument, 1996).

⁹⁰ KnutOftung, ed.,Mennsbilderogbilderavmenn(Oslo: Likestillingsradet, 1994).

⁹¹ Gender Equality Ombudsman, The Fathers' Quota. Information sheet on parental leave entitlements, Oslo, 1997.

⁹² Kimio Ito, Otokorashisa-no-yukue (Tokyo: Shinyo-sha, 1993); Akira Nakamura, Watashi-no Danseigaku (Tokyo: Kindaibugeisha, 1994).

⁹³ Andrea Cornwall and Nansy Lindisfame, op. cit.