5. Underline the expressions with the words from Exercise 3. Give their Russian equivalents. Use them in rendering the text

Grammar study

Look at the following word combinations from the text :

written questionnaire

trained interviewer

Written, trained are the Past participles of the verbs to write, to train. They describe the nouns questionnaire, interview and have the function of adjectives.

__ Find three more similar word combinations. Past Participle may be

combinations.

Past participle may be combined with other words and come before or after the noun it describes

e.g. commonly asked questions

item based on operational definitions

questionnaire filled out by respondents

Past participle may have a function of a subordinate clause if it is used with a conjunction.

e.g. … people would give similar answers if asked the same question

again

6. Make the following pairs of sentences into one sentence using the Past Participle of the verb in italics

1. We rely on these data. Students collected the data.

2. We use this method. It proved to be reliable.

3. They obtained the data through the interview. We must summarize them.

4. In closed-ended questions we use alternatives. They shouldn’t overlap.

5. We added some new categories. They made the items both mutually exclusive and exhaustive.

6. Respondents bring their understanding. It inherence the validity of questionnaire.

7. We offered incentive to respondents. It may increase response rate.

Free practice

7. Think of a subject of sociological research where a) close-ended questions b) open-ended questions would be more appropriate.

8. Work in small groups. Think of the examples of closed-ended questions and opened ended questions dealing with the issue of romantic love. Ask the other group these questions.

Text 2

Read the text and choose the correct statement about the text

Culture as Cure

1. The impact of culture on health is enormous. Culture-bound syndromes exist worldwide and are associated with unique symptoms that people within the culture classify as disease. Among Aboriginal Australians, “fear of sorcery syndrome” is linked to voodoo and causes a range of ailments. Death can occur by “bone-pointing,” in which a sharp stick is ritually cast into the victim’s body. In Japan, men who are otherwise healthy drop dead from karoshi, the disease of overwork. The United States has its share of culture-bound syndromes: Type A behavior, eating disorders like anorexia nervosa, and “petism,” excessive devotion to pets. Petism may explain the American aversion to having a cat, a dog, or canary as a dinner course.

2. Cultural practices can work against disease or transmit it. Malaria in Nigeria occurs when water in clay pots is left at shrines that then become breeding grounds for mosquitoes. Cement foot-baths in mosques in Muslim countries produce skin fungus. Resistance to using condoms is found throughout Africa and Asia because of strong cultural beliefs that they compromise a man’s sexual potency. Surely these beliefs hasten the spread of AIDS. Blood transfusions in these same cultures are resisted because of the belief that the donor’s sins will be transferred to the recipient.

3. Many cultures explain disease as a result of the imbalance between the physical, social, and spiritual worlds of the patient. A belief that good health is a process of balancing the forces of good and evil is found throughout Africa and Latin America. Diseases are divided between those that are caused by gods, spirits, or the evil intent of others and those that are not. People choose their practitioner according to the cause of the disease. A shaman can only remove a curse. A physician can only remove a tumor. If the curse caused the tumor, both can be consulted.

4. In much of the world, health care is provided by traditional or “folk” healers. The ethnocentric notion long prevalent in the Western world that traditional healing would be replaced by scientific medicine is now questioned. Folk healers are successful because they understand patient concerns from the viewpoint of the patient’s culture. China’s “barefoot doctors” are recruited from the villages they eventually serve. They understand village culture and combine techniques from both traditional and scientific medicine.

5. Rather than dying out, traditional healers are adapting to cultural change. Herbal remedies, understanding the role of emotion in disease, and acupuncture are used successfully by folk healers but have only recently been considered important enough for scientific research. Science is skeptical about why or how the healing occurs. The eyes of culture may blind scientists to other methods of healing.

Comprehension check

1. The disease of karoshi is caused

a) by a sharp stick cast into victim’s body

b) overeating

c) too much work

2. Water in clay pots left in shrine causes

a) malaria

b) skin fungus

c) AIDS

3. People of Africa and Latin America believe that good health

is the result of

a) removing curse

b) balance between good and evil forces

c) gods and spirits activities

3. Folk healers

1. combine the methods of traditional and scientific medicine

2. will be replaced by doctors

3. are mostly charlatans

4. Scientific medicine

1. is adapting to cultural changes

2. have used herbal remedies for a long time

3. is not sure about the methods of traditional healers

Discussion points