Hydraulics

Hydraulics, as commonly understood and applied, is the science dealing with the action and use of the water. Water is the most common liquid. Water in the chemically pure state is not found in nature. Inland waters, which contain varying quantities of salt and mineral matter in solution, occur chiefly as streams, lakes, springs, and underground supplies.

In all English speaking countries, the three primary units are the foot, the pound and the second.

There are two important types of hydraulics units: unit of volume and unit of flow. The most important unit of volume is the cubic foot, in the United States, the gallon (0.13 cu. ft). The cubic foot per minute is the standard unit of flow, in the United States – the gallon per minute.

A fluid is a substance which offers very little resistance to change of form and readily takes the shape of a solid body which it comes in contact.

Though in common water is assumed to be incompressible, it is, like other liquids, slightly compressible. It is also perfectly elastic.

The ability of water to resist movement between its particles is termed viscosity. It may be described as stickiness.

Adhesion and cohesion cause water to rise above the outside level.

Water for mixing concrete should be clean. Water which is impure or polluted should not be accepted unless satisfactory results have been obtained by test. Acid waters, especially sulphate-bearing waters should not be used.

Refuse impurities from factories or industrial waters of high caustic, acid, or organic content should be avoided unless tested. Sea waters are not been shown to be the cause of any disintegration in sea-water structures.

Assignments:

1. General understanding. Answer the questions:

1. What is hydraulics?

2. What is the most common liquid?

3. What hydraulics units do you know?

4. What are the water properties?

5. Why should water for mixing concrete be clean?

2. Find synonyms in the text for the following words:

Clean (2 variants), to use, long wished for, a bit, fundamental, significant, to picture, to soil, to effect, general, kind, to acknowledge to happen.

3. Give Russian equivalents:

Chemically pure state, acid waters, particles, to pollute, occur, primary units, mixing concrete, varying quantities, to come in contact, to deal with, sea-water structures, unit of volume/flow, viscosity, to resist movement.

4. Suggest English equivalents:

Содержать соли, чистая (загрязненная) вода, самая важная единица объема, морская вода не желательна, вещество, принимать форму твердого тела, удовлетворительные результаты должны быть получены.

Words to the theme Civil Engineering:

1. in a more extended sense	В более широком смысле	31.branch	Ветвь, отрасль
2.cohesion	сцепление	32.marine engineering	кораблестроение
3.to execute	выполнять	33.disintegration	измельчение
4.civil	Гражданский	34.solid body	Твердое тело
5.military	военный	35.acid	Кислота
6.rubble masonry	Бутовая кладка	36.drainage	Водоотвод
7.tier	Ярус	37.sewerage	Канализация
8.ferro-concrete	Железобетон	38.estimate	Смета
9.plumbing	водопровод	39. clay	Глина
10.mould	форма	40.endeavors	Попытка
11.basement	Фундамент, подвал	41.survey	Осмотр
12.finishing material	Отделочный материал	42.start-up and adjustment operations	Пуско-наладочные работы
13.coat	Покрытие, слой	43.issue	Результата, исход
14.beam	Балка	44.solution	Раствор
15.girder	Поясная балка, прогон	45.designed performance	Проектная мощность
16.assistance	Поддержка, помощь	46. caustic	едкое вещество
17.employer	Наниматель, работодатель	47.bidder	Выступающий на торгах покупатель
18.contractor	Подрядчик	48.customer	Клиент, покупатель
19.commission	Делать заказ, поручать	49.turnkey contract	Контракт «под ключ»
20.to undertake	предпринимать	50.to bid	Предлагать цену
21.apprentice	Ученик, подмастерье	51.hot water fitter	теплотехник
22.carpenter-and-joiner	Плотник и столяр	52.stoneware	Керамика
23.mason	Каменщик	53.chimney pot	Метал. колпак над дымовой трубой
24. slater-and-tiler	Кровельщик	54.sewer	Сточная труба
25.plumber	Водопроводчик, паяльщик	55.slating	Кровля из плиток
26.house painter	Маляр	56.granolithic	Сделанный из искусственного гранита
27.glazier	Стекольщик	57.to dismantle	Разбирать
28. tiler	Мастер по укладке черепицы	58.fibrous	Волокнистый
29. impurity	Примесь	59.unit of flow	Единица потока
30.steeplejack	высотник	60.unit of volume	Единица объема