6. Ask all possible questions to these sentences:

1. The natural stone is used for footing and foundation for external walls carrying the load.

2. The interior should be planned to suit the requirements of the occupants while the exterior must be simple without any excesses.

3. The buildings made of stone and brick are durable, long living, fire-proof and have poor heat conductivity.

4. A careful consideration must be taken into account about the amount of money which can be spent in building the house.

Text 4

Words and word combinations to be remembered:

1.to dig (dug, dug)	Рыть, копать	12.endeavors	Попытка
2.basement	Фундамент, подвал	13.survey	Осмотр
3.finishing material	Отделочный материал	14.start-up and adjustment operations	Пуско-наладочные работы
4.coat	Покрытие, слой	15.issue	Результата, исход
5.beam	Балка	16.to reach	Достигать
6.girder	Поясная балка, прогон	17.designed performance	Проектная мощность
7.assistance	Поддержка, помощь	18.to involve	включать
8.employer	Наниматель, работодатель	19.bidder	Выступающий на торгах покупатель
9.contractor	Подрядчик	20.customer	Клиент, покупатель
10.commission	Делать заказ, поручать	21.turnkey contract	Контракт «под ключ»
11.to undertake	предпринимать

Read the text carefully so as to be ready to discuss it:

Construction Works (II)

Almost everybody saw the construction of a building and followed its progress with interest. First the excavation is dug for the basement. Then the foundation walls below ground level are constructed; after this the framework is erected and clothed with various finishing materials and protected by several coats of paint.

The part upon which the stability of the structure depends is the framework. It is intended for safety carrying the loads imposed. The floors, walls, roofs and other parts of the building must be carefully designed and proportioned.

The architect or designer must decide, what the size of the walls, the floors, the beams, the girders, and the parts, which make up the framework, will be and how they will be placed and arranged.

Turnkey construction is the type of assistance in building different facilities. In this case the employer engages the contractor to design, manufacture, test, deliver, install, complete and commission a certain project construction and commissioning.

The contractor then undertakes endeavors to conduct a survey and design work, as well as to work out basic and detailed engineering and supply equipment. As a rule, the contractor’s highly qualified specialists are made responsible for doing part or full construction works, carrying out installation, start up and adjustment operations.

After the construction is completed the precommissioning starts, that is testing, checking and meeting other requirements. Then the contractor notifies the engineer (Project manager) with the message. The contractor begins the commission immediately after the engineer does the issue of the Completion Certificate.

The contractor carries out the guarantee test during the commissioning to make sure that the project will reach the designed performance.

Turnkey contracts are always long-term undertakings involving several parties, among them foreign and local subcontractors. They are usually won as a result of tenders where the bidders complete for the contract on the terms most favorable for the customer.

Assignments

1. General understanding. Answer the questions:

1. What is the process of building construction?

2. Why is framework needed?

3. What kind of facilities is constructed on a turnkey basis?

4. What are the responsibilities of the contractor?

5. What includes precommissioning?

6. Why is a turnkey contract a long-term undertaking?

7. How a turnkey contract is usually won?

2. Translate into English:

Защитить несколькими слоями краски, сертификат о завершении строительства, строительство «под ключ», местные и иностранные субподрядчики, вовлекать подрядчика, высококвалифицированные специалисты, тендер, с интересом следить за ростом строительства, достичь проектной мощности, оборудование.

3. State to what part of speech the following words belong according to their suffixes:

Builder, appearance, possible, structure, equipment, military, customer, hydraulic, remember, character, electrical, clearly, building, excavation, different, certificate, design, requirement, calculate, responsibility.

4. Give Russian equivalents to the following words without a dictionary:

Plan, occupant, process, part, bank, guarantee, ventilation, canal, factor, strategy, provision, concept, position, drainage, control, base.

5. Make a dialogue/monologue about the construction woks using the information from the texts.

Text 5

Words and word combinations to be remembered:

1.apprentice	Ученик, подмастерье	11.hot water fitter	теплотехник
2.carpenter-and-joiner	Плотник и столяр	12.stoneware	Керамика
3.mason	Каменщик	13.chimney pot	Метал. колпак над дымовой трубой
4. slater-and-tiler	Кровельщик	14.sewer	Сточная труба
5.plumber	Водопроводчик, паяльщик	15.slating	Кровля из плиток
6.house painter	Маляр	16.granolithic	Сделанный из искусственного гранита
7.glazier	Стекольщик	17.to dismantle	Разбирать
8. tiler	Мастер по укладке черепицы	18.fibrous	Волокнистый
9.paper	Обои	19.scope	Рамка, предел
10.steeplejack	высотник	20.to bid	Предлагать цену

Read the text carefully so as to be ready to discuss it: