Text 2 Civil Engineering (II)

As time went on, the art of civil engineering was enriched with new achievements of science. With the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and later there came a remarkable series of mechanical inventions, great discoveries in electrical science and atomic energy. It led to differentiation of mechanical, electrical, nuclear engineering, etc.

It is well-known fact that with the invention of the stem engine and the growth of factories a number of civil engineers became interested in the practical application of the science of mechanics and thermodynamics to the design of machines. They separated themselves from civil engineering, and were called “mechanical engineers”.

With the development of the science of electricity, there appeared another branch of the engineering – electrical engineering. It is divided now into two main branches: communications engineering and power engineering.

In the middle of the 20^th century there appeared some other new branches of engineering – nuclear engineering and space engineering. The former is based on atomic physics, the latter – on the achievements of modern science and engineering.

The term “civil engineering” has two distinct meanings. In the widest and oldest sense it includes all non-military branches of engineering as it did two centuries ago. But in its narrower, and at the present day more correct sense, civil engineering includes mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, metallurgical, and mining engineering.

Here are some fields of civil engineering:

1. Housing, industrial, and agricultural construction.

2. Structural engineering comprises the construction of all fixed structures with their foundations.

3. The construction of highway and city streets and pavements.

4. The construction of railroads.

5. The construction of harbors and canals.

6. Hydraulic engineering which includes the construction of dams and power plants.

The above enumeration will make clear the vast extent of the field of civil engineering.

Assignments

1. General understanding. Answer the questions:

1. What caused the differentiation of mechanical, electrical engineering?

2. What distinct meanings have the term “civil engineering”?

3. What invention laid the foundation for mechanical engineers?

4. When was electrical engineering developed?

5. What are the main subdivisions of the electrical engineering?

6. What are nuclear and space engineering based on?

2. Translate into Russian:

Достижения науки, точные значения, в широком/ узком/ более правильном понимании, интересоваться чем-л., делиться на, появляться, паровой двигатель, известный факт, привести к, основания, шоссе и тротуар, перечисление, гавань.

3. Match the verbs and prepositions as they go in the text and then make up sentences using them:

1.to enrich	a. from
2.to lead	b. in
3. to be interested	c. with
4.to separate	d. on
5.to divide	e. to
6. to be based	f. into

Text 3

Words and Word combinations to be remembered:

1.rubble masonry	Бутовая кладка	5.drainage	Водоотвод
2.tier	Ярус	6.sewerage	Канализация
3.ferro-concrete	Железобетон	7.estimate	Смета
4.plumbing	водопровод	8. clay	Глина

Read the text carefully so as to be ready to discuss it: