Контрольное задание № 2 Вариант 4

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№ 1. Переведите предложения, определите функции слова one:

1.Courts of appeal, one for each of ten circuits in the United States, are courts of appellate jurisdiction. 2. A court may consist of one judge and a jury or only one judge and one clerk, or it may be a tribunal including a number of judges. 3. The presidency of the U.S. is one of the many governmental offices. 4. One of purposes of jurisprudence is to explain legal concepts. 5. A court of first instance is one which first examines a case in substance and brings in a sentence or decision. 6. A court of second instance is one which examines appeals and protests against sentences and decisions of courts of first instance.

№ 2. Переведите предложения, укажите функцию слов that, those:

1. That bill will become a law only if it is enacted by the majority (2/3) in both houses of Congress. 2. We know that more serious cases are heard in the Crown Court, where the judge is always a legal expert. 3. Railways in Russia are longer than those of any other country. 4. Sentences passed by the Crown Court are more severe than those of Magistrates' Courts. 5. Scotland has its own legal system different in many ways from that of England and Wales. 6. Judgments and sentences excluding those passed by the Supreme Court may be appealed against in a court of higher instance.

№ 3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение; определите тип бессоюзных придаточных:

1.They insist a juror should be influenced-neither by judges nor by barristers. 2. We heard he was fined and disqualified from driving last week. 3. They told us they would take into account all the circumstances of the crime. 4. Before finishing the discussion he made some notes on the ques­tions he was interested in. 5. I have translated the article you recommended.

№ 4. Прочтите текст.

International Law

1. We live in a time in which we are confronted with difficult questions concerning the destiny of the world, the future of the human race. Those questions are related in one way or another to the survival of nations, to man’s life and development. Many countries face similar social, economic and political problems and consequently have adopted similar legal solutions. Some areas of the law such as intellectual property and human rights, are particularly concerned with developing laws which are valid internationally. With more international business and travel and a growing awareness that many socio-economic and environment problems need global solutions, the future of the world of law appears to be one of internationalization.

2. There are two main kinds of international law: private and public. The former concerns the role of foreign laws within a particular country, while public international law deals with relations between states. International law is not new. Nations have always made political and economic treaties with each other. Nevertheless, most international law has been created in the twentieth century.

3. Among the most important international issues nowadays is the problem of elimination from the life of society of war as a means of settling disputes. All countries must work out universally recognized principles of peaceful coexistence of states with different socio-economic systems. This approach is based on the realization that today it is no longer possible to win the arms race, just as it is impossible to win in a nuclear war. The level of armaments stockpiled by all the opposing parties puts them all at the equal risk of being annihilated.

4. International humanitarian issues also include international legal settlement of armed conflicts and protection of their victims. In pursuing this policy, the international community has worked out a number of conventions and other legal instruments.

5. Vital international humanitarian issues include such global problems as hunger, poverty, underdevelopment and economic crises. It is common knowledge that more than 500 million people in the world are suffering from malnutrition because of insufficient production of food and its unequal distribution. According to statistics, every day the world spends $3,000,000,000 on the senseless arms race, while at the same time every day 40,000 children die of hunger and preventable diseases, for every 100,000 of the world’s population there are as many as 566 soldiers and only 86 doctors; the cost of one modern nuclear bomber is more than is needed to vaccinate all the new-born babies in the world. Such problems can also be resolved only through the mechanism of international legal regulation.

6. Man’s tremendous technological progress has created the need for all countries to fight for survival in the sphere of ecology. It has been calculated that today the world economy releases into the atmosphere an annual 200 million tons of carbon monoxide; more than 50 million tons of hydrocarbons, 120 million tons of ashes, and I50 million tons of sulphur dioxide. The latter get back at us in the form of acid rain which is gradually destroying the forests in Europe. Other problems have also assumed disastrous proportions. They demand urgent solution and concerted action.

7. Another group of international humanitarian issues is the need to combat disease, drug addiction and drug trafficking. Health protection today is undeniably an international humanitarian problem and can be resolved only through international cooperation.

8. Finally, another international humanitarian problem is combating international terrorism. Terrorism not only takes the lives of innocent people but destabilizes international relations. It is a gross violation of human rights.

9. International humanitarian problems can be resolved only on the basis of universally accepted binding principles and rules of contemporary international law.

10. Based on the principles of state sovereignty, territorial integrity of states, peaceful settlements of disputes, non-interference in internal affairs, respect of human rights and basic freedoms, self determination of nations and other principles, international law performs a stabilising function in the system of international relations today. Its principles and rules created by the states themselves contribute to the normalization of relations between them, place these relations within a definite framework for the mutual benefit of the parties.

11. Contemporary international law constantly develops. Its general democratic principles are concretised and filled with a new progressive content. New principles and norms take shape. The number of treaties is rapidly increasing. International legal regulation extends to new spheres of international relations.

№ 5. Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений: мирное сосуществование; территориальная целостность; устранение войны; урегулирование международных конфликтов; гонка вооружений; осуществлять политику; незаконны оборот наркотиков; нарушение прав человека; взаимная выгода; сторона (договора); договор; обязательные принципы и правила.

№ 6. Переведите письменно 1, 2, 9, 10, 11 абзацы.

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№ 7. Употребите инфинитив с частицей to или без нее. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. You may (to join) us if you wish.

2. The granny didn't actually (to see) the child (to take) it.

3. The robber made the teller (to give) him the money.

4. Let her (to do) what she wants (do).

5. John allowed his daughter (to swim) with her friends.

№ 8. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты.

1. Would you like me to translate this text?

2. He is thought to be the best player.

3. There appears to have been a misunderstanding.

4. I felt somebody touch me lightly on the shoulder.

5. You are supposed to know the laws of your own country.

№ 9. Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его на русский язык. Письменно переведи­те 3-й абзац текста.

1. Court, also called court of law is a person or body of persons having judicial authority to hear and determine disputes in particular cases, civil, criminal, ecclesiastical, or military. The term “court” also denotes the chamber, hall, building, or other place where such judicial proceedings take place.

1. The word «court» originally meant simply an enclosed place, and still does in the architectural sense. Judicial tribunals were originally enclosures where the judges sat, while counsel, attorneys, and the general public had to remain on the outside of a bar; hence, the expression «called to the bar» is used to apply to a lawyer newly qualified to practice. The first these enclosures were temporary structures in an open field; later, they became fixtures in a large room or hall, the courtroom.

2. The recognized existence of even primitive courts implies a relatively high degree of social organization and the need for systematic adjudication of disputes on the basis of established customs and consciously formulated rules of social conduct. Archaeologists and anthropologists have established the existence of courts in simple societies over wide areas of Asia, Africa, and Europe; courts were not as widespread among the Native Americans of North and South America. Primitive courts formed part of a complex social structure in which administrative, judicial, and religious functions were intermingled. These courts were held in the-open or in religious temples. More often than not, the judges were priests. Those who attended were considered part of the court, whether or not they had an immediate interest in the proceedings or in the judgments rendered. The proceedings consisted in large part of rituals designed to secure the redress of grievances presented by individuals against other individuals.

3. In the highly developed civilizations of antiquity, notably those of Asyria and Egypt, judicial and executive functions were undifferentiated and were centralized in the monarch as head of state. Insight into the structure and functions of Babylonian courts of the 18th century BC was obtained when the ancient legal document known as the Code of Hammurabi was discovered early in the 20th century. A highly developed judicial system existed also among the ancient Hebrews.

4. In the judicial system of ancient Athens, a unique feature, introduced by the lawgiver Solon in the 6th century BC, was the right of aggrieved litigants to appeal the decisions of magistrates to the people of Athens, assembled as a "public assembly". In later years, the assemblies became courts of first resort presided over by magistrates who prеpared cases for trial. These courts subsequently became unwieldy, and they were divided into sections called dicasteries.

5. The evolution of courts in ancient Rome was marked by the development of a complex structure in which criminal, civil and other jurisdictions were differentiated and were ex­ercised by separate courts and officials. Violations of criminal law were prosecuted by the state; higher and lower courts were organized; the right of appeal was juridically guaranteed; and a corps of professional jurists was established for the first time in the history of Mediterranean civilization. After Christianity became the state religion of Rome, the ecclesiastical courts, previously established by Christians who had refused to have recourse to pagan courts, became a part of the Roman legal system. As the Roman Empire disintegrated, the ecclesiastical courts survived and assumed jurisdiction over secular affairs.

7. In Europe in the early Middle Ages the judicial functions were not yet separate from the legislative and administrative functions. The king or other ruler, together with his chief councillors, sat in a meeting hall for the exercise of all these functions, and so the household of the ruler was also called «the court». Since all judicial authority was derived from the ruler, his presence was assumed in all the specialized courts.

8. From the 12th century onward the increasing number of university-trained civilians and canonists created a recognized legal profession, and the rise of the legal profession also determined the gradual separation of judicial from administrative functions.

№ 10. Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений: группа людей, судебные полномочия, судья, рассмотрение дела в суде (судебное разбирательство), судебное решение, спор, дело (в суде), сторона в гражданском процессе, должностное лицо, нарушение уголовного закона.

№ 11. Прочитайте предложения. Переведите на русский язык предложения, содержание которых соответствует тексту.

1. The word «court» means a group of people, often with specialist knowledge or skill, who have been brought together in order to examine the causes of crimes.

2. The existence of court implies a relatively high state of a society and the need for consciously formulated rules of social conduct.

3. In the highly developed civilizations of antiquity judicial and executive functions were undifferentiated and were centralized in the monarch as head of state.

4. The evolution of courts in ancient Rome did not touch the undifferentiated character of criminal, civil and other jurisdictions.

5. In Europe in the Early Middle Ages the judicial functions were separated from the legislative and administrative functions.

6. From the 12th century the increasing number of university-trained civilians created a recognized legal profession.

№ 12. Озаглавьте текст. Напишите на английском языке краткую аннотацию прочи­танного текста. Вы можете использовать некоторые из следующих выражений: 1) The text deals with ... 2) It is devoted to ... 3)The main purpose of the text is ... 4)The abstract is concerned with ... (bears on ...; gives explanation of...; is intended to demonstrate that...; is designed to pro­vide some information about...) 5) The subject of the paper under review ... 6) It is pointed out that... 7) The author touches upon the problem of... 8) It is shown that ... 9) It should be noted that ... 10) ... are described (given). 11) Special attention is given (paid) to ... 12) The importance of ... is stressed. 13) The author comes to a conclusion ... 14) There is no doubt that...