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Hall et al. (1988) obtained a plasma with density several times higher than that of solids and temperature of about 1 eV, by collision of two shock waves excited by high–power [(4–5)·1012 W cm−2] laser radiation with a wavelength of 0.53 m and pulse duration of about 100 ps. Peculiarities of the X–ray radiation, produced by an external source and transmitted through the plasma, were interpreted by Hall et al. (1988) as the presence of short–range order associated with the Wigner concentration in a highly compressed aluminum plasma. When interpreting the results of these interesting experiments, one should apparently perform numerical simulations of the complex process of plasma generation and assess the nonequilibrium e ects during the melting of aluminum.

In a strongly compressed plasma, the occurrence of electronic phase transformations is possible due to the transition of inner electronic shells of an atom or ion from the discrete spectrum to the continuous one. Phase transitions associated with the electron redistribution in shells in the course of compression (Kirzhnits et al. 1975; Bushman and Fortov 1983) were theoretically analyzed using band theory methods (Alekseev and Arkhipov 1962; Arkhipov 1965; Royce 1967; Reichlin et al. 1989) and detected experimentally by Altshuler and Bakanova (1969), Trunin et al. (1969), Shatzman (1977), and Avrorin et al. (1987). Brush et al. (1963) and Kirzhnits et al. (1975) predicted electronic transformations at ultrahigh pressures, corresponding to the first–order phase transition, with an electronic shell being in a discrete spectrum in one phase and in a continuous spectrum in the other phase. Naturally, such electronic transitions correspond in fact to a series of phase transitions (Carmi 1968) caused by the “ionization by pressure” of a sequence of electronic shells. The evaluation of the parameters of these transformations using quasiclassical theory techniques (Kirzhnits et al. 1975) leads to ultrahigh pressures over 30 TPa which became experimentally accessible only recently (see Chapter 9).

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