Методичка по английскому языку для ИТС (пр. С.С.Иванов)

15. All permanent housing above the main deck is known as … . 16. The forward raised part of the deck is called … and its after raised part is the … .

4. Ask questions according to the model.

Model: A. Ask another student what the main body of a ship is called.

B.What is the main body of a ship called?

C.It‘s called the hull.

Ask another student: 1. into how many parts the hull is divided; 2. what the main parts of the hull are called; 3. what the hull of a ship is made up of; 4. what spaces the hull contains; 5. what cargo handling facilities a ship has.

5. Comprehension questions.

1. What is the main body of a ship called? 2. What parts is the hull divided into? 3. What is the hull made up of? 4. What cargo spaces are there in dry cargo (liquid cargo) ships? 5. What is superstructure? 6. Where is superstructure located on modern ships? 7. What cargo handling facilities are there on deck? 8. What do we call the forecastle and the poop?

6.Find sentences with the verbs in the Passive Voice. Write out the passive forms of the verbs. Define their forms.

7.Define forms and functions of the participles in the following sentences. The hull is made up of frames covered with plating.

Bulkheads are vertical steel walls going across the ship and along.

The levels are read by the numbers painted on the ship‘s stem and called draught marks.

Openings giving access to holds are called hatches.

The divided circle on the left shows the depth to which the ship may be loaded in summer time.

8. Draw the schemes on the blackboard and:

give the general description of the vessel

speak on the draught marks and the load marks

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speak on the main ship‘s measurements

9. Read the text and give its written translation.

Since a ship is supported by fluid pressure, she will incline in any direction in the process of loading according to the position of the weights placed on her. Therefore the ship‘s position below water must be closely watched. The angle that a ship is making fore and aft with the water is known as trim1. An extreme difference between the water levels at each end of the ship indicates bad loading. The levels are read by numbers painted on the ship‘s stem and called draught marks2. A list or inclination from one side to anther, caused by faulty loading3, is known as heel4. In the course of loading load lines must be watched above all. The load lines are engraved then painted on both sides of ships. The divided circle on the left shows the depth to which the ship may be loaded in summer. Below this line are two lines. The one marked W means winter loading, the lower one marked WNA means the maximum depth to which the ship may be loaded if she is going across the North Atlantic in winter. The other marks above these are: T for tropical, F for fresh water.

These lines are shown on the ship‘s Load Line Certificate5. In case of overloading a ship, so that these lines are under water, the penalties are severe.

Notes

trim - дифферент

draught marks – марки углубления (или осадки)

faulty loading – неправильная погрузка

heel - крен

Load Line Certificate (L.L.C.) - свидетельство о грузовой марке

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UNIT 3.

Modern Trend in Design of Vessels

Universal vessels can carry practically any types of cargoes, including refrigerated goods and liquids. However, most of them are designed to carry certain types of goods. These liners are intended to carry general cargo, packaged cargo, containers and also special, liquid or refrigerated cargoes. Their deadweight1 varies between 2000 and 20000 tons and the speeds between 10 and 12 knots. Tramps2 are designed to carry bulk cargoes and timber, but can also carry general cargo if necessary. These ships must be of sufficient size to carry a profitable cargo and must be able to cope with3 bad weather conditions in any ocean. They must not be too large to enter the smaller parts of the world. Speed is necessary but it increases running costs4, so that a compromise between fuel consumption5 and speed is desirable. The modern tramp travels at between 12-15 knots. Its deadweight varies between 2000 and 10000 tons.

The cargo spaces are holds, tweendecks6 and deeptanks. Holds and tweendecks are used to carry general bulk cargoes. Deeptanks7 may be of two types. The first type is designed to carry liquids only. The second type is designed to carry liquid and dry cargoes in turn8.

Empty deeptanks are also used for liquid ballast. Liners may have special cargo spaces and refrigerated cargo spaces.

Conventional9 multi deck vessels have holds divided horizontally by one or two tweendecks, known as upper and lower tweendecks. The bottom part of any hold with tweendecks is the lower hold.

Since late 60‘s universal vessels have been superseded by specialized vessels. But world shipping crisis of mid-70‘s made shipbuilders and ship owners design new types of universal and specialized combined vessels. Thus a new generation of universal vessels was born. It was then that multi-purpose vessels, which are further development of universal vessels, appeared10.

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Notes

deadweight – полная грузоподъемность tramp – трамповое судно

to cope with – справиться с чем-либо running costs – эксплуатационные расходы fuel consumption – расход топлива tweendeck – твиндек

deeptank – диптанк in turn - попеременно

conventional – условный

it was then that multi-purpose vessels appeared – именно тогда появились многоцелевые суда

Exercises

1.Read the text using a dictionary.

2.State if you have remembered the meaning of the following words and expressions. Use the words in the sentences of your own.

of sufficient size, profitable cargo, running costs, fuel consumption, cargo spaces, further development of.

3. Agree with the statements. Add the main idea, using words in brackets:

Model - a) Liners are intended to carry general cargo; packaged cargo and containers. (special, liquid and refrigerated cargoes)

b) Yes, they are. They intended to carry special, liquid and refrigerated cargoes as well.

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Tramps are designed to carry bulk cargoes and timber. (general cargo)

Tramps must be of sufficient size. (must be able to cope with bad weather conditions in any ocean)

The cargo spaces are holds and tweendecks. (deeptanks)

Holds and tweendecks are used to carry general cargo. (bulk cargoes) Liners may have special cargo spaces. (refrigerated cargo spaces)

4. Answer the questions:

What cargoes can universal vessels carry?

What are liners intended for?

What is the deadweight of liners?

What speed do liners have?

What are tramps designed for?

What must their size be?

What speed does a modern tramp travel at?

What cargo spaces do universal vessels have?

What types of deeptanks are there?

Are universal vessels built nowadays?

What ships are further development of universal vessels?

When did multi-purpose vessels appear?

5. Speak on:

a)liners

b)tramps

c)cargo spaces

d)further development of universal vessels

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6.Find sentences with the verbs in the Passive Voice. Write out the passive forms of the verbs.

7.Define forms and functions of the Infinitives

Most of them ( universal vessels ) are designed to carry certain types of goods.

These ships must be of sufficient size to carry a profitable cargo a must be able to cope with bad weather conditions in any ocean.

They must not be too large to enter the smaller ports of the words.

World shipping crisis of mid-70‘s made shipbuilders and ship owners design new types of universal and specialized combined vessels.

8. Define forms and functions of the Participles.

Universal vessels can carry practically any types of cargoes, including refrigerated goods and liquids.

Liners are intended to carry general cargo, packaged cargo and containers.

Speed is necessary but it increases running costs.

Conventional multi-deck vessels have holds divided horizontally by one or two tweendecks.

UNIT 4

Hull Structure

In any kind of vessel the principal problem is the hull construction corresponding to strength and rigidity requirements1. The hull of a sea-going vessel must withstand water pressure and heavy masses of cargo. When the ship is in dry dock the hull is subjected to new stresses from machinery and engine operation2. Thus the principal stresses to which the hull of a vessel is subjected depend on the longitudinal bending3 of the hull overall, its

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transverse deformation4 and various stresses acting in different parts of a vessel.

The hull construction therefore must be strong and rigid enough to withstand all stresses.

The hull structure includes longitudinal and transverse girders5. The longitudinal girders are the keel, longitudinal, and side stringers6. The transverse girders are floors7, frames8 and beams9. These girders are welded together and form a framework10 to which the water-tight shell plating11 is attached.

Notes

strength and rigidity requirements – требования прочности и жесткости

machinery and engine operation – работа механического оборудования и двигателя

longitudinal bending – продольный изгиб

transverse deformation – поперечная деформация

longitudinal/transverse girder – продольная/поперечная балка

longitudinal stringer – продольная балка, side stringer – бортовой стрингер

floor – флор, настил (палубы)

frame – шпангоут, рама, рамная конструкция, остов, каркас, набор (корпуса)

beam – балка, бимс, брус.

framework – рамная конструкция

water-tight shell plating – водонепроницаемая наружная обшивка

I. Comprehension questions:

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What is the principal problem in any kind of vessel?

Why must the hull construction be strong and rigid?

What girders does the hull construction include?

What is the watertight shell plating welded to?

II. Retell the text using the above questions as a plan.

III. Define the tense and the voice of the predicate in each sentence:

1. The research institute has completed the design of the new car-ferry. 2. Provision has been made to install in anti-collision system on standard tankers. 5. The water ballast system has been rationalized. 4. The engineers have just repaired this pump. This equipment has not yet been repaired 6. An auxiliary boiler has been installed on the cargo ship. 7. The first coastal tanker has already been put into service. 8. This company has built and shoptested the most powerful marine steam turbine ever manufactured in Japan.

IV. State the part of speech of the underlined words.

1. In any kind of vessel the principal problem is the hull construction corresponding to strength and rigidity requirements. 2. Thus the principal stresses to which the hull of a vessel is subjected depend on the longitudinal bending of the hull overall and various stresses acting in different parts of a vessel. 3. These girders form a framework to which the shell plating is attached.

UNIT 5

Bulkheads

Bulkheads1 are classified into watertight, oiltight and non-watertight2. Most bulkheads provide three important functions within the ship. First, they act as stiffeners3 for the entire hull structure. Secondly, they distribute the vertical forces of weight and buoyancy4 through the hull's structure. Thirdly, they

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provide watertight sub-division. These functions are provided by the main transverse bulkheads that extend continuously from bottom to the main deck. The forward watertight bulkhead separates the forepeak and is called the collision5 or forepeak bulkhead6. The afterpeak is separated by the afterpeak bulkhead7. The fore and after peaks are intended to arrange a vessel's trim. Longitudinal bulkheads are generally not continuous in the vertical direction unless they are side bulkheads. They provide space for carrying liquid cargoes. In such case, they will extend continuously from the bottom to the second deck or deck above the water-line. To provide strength and rigidity of the bulkheads they are strengthened8 with stiffeners.

Notes

bulkhead – переборка

watertight, oiltight and non-watertight – водонепроницаемая,

нефтенепроницаемая и (водо)проницаемая

stiffener – ребро жесткости

buoyancy – плавучесть

collision bulkhead – таранная переборка

forepeak bulkhead – форпиковая переборка

afterpeak bulkhead – переборка ахтерпика

to strengthen – укреплять(ся), усиливать(ся); to be strengthened with –

быть укрепленным чем-л.

1. Comprehension questions:

What kinds of bulkheads are there in the hull structure?

What are their functions?

What bulkheads are these functions provided by?

How is the forward watertight bulkhead called?

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Do longitudinal bulkheads provide space for carrying liquid cargoes?

Where are longitudinal bulkheads arranged?

II. Group the following words into pairs of antonyms:

III. Make verbs from the following nouns and translate them:

IV. Find sentences with the verbs in the Passive Voice. State the tense forms of the verbs.

V. State forms and functions of the Infinitives in the following sentences:

1. The fore and after peaks are intended to arrange a vessel‘s trim. 2. To provide strength and rigidity of the bulkheads they are strengthened with stiffeners.

UNIT 6

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