Методичка по английскому языку для ИТС (пр. С.С.Иванов)

interleaved nanolayers

ultrasensitive hard – drive read mechanism nano – community

nano – magnetic research interdisciplinary framework complex materials research to take a broad approach

to emerge

magnetic configurations binary logic consequent savings corrosive environment

III. Comment on the following statements:

1.The computer world might one day be based on magnetic properties instead of electrical.

2.This is far away but promising.

3.Studies on the nanoscale could lead to better bulk magnets.

IV. Answer the following question:

How will materials change in the near future?

Unit VI

I. Read the text looking for the information about adverse effects of engineered NP.

Nanomaterials – Potential Risks for Human Health and the Environment

Exposures to airborne nano-sized particles (particles <100 nm) have been experienced by humans throughout their evolutionary stages. Most recently, the rapidly developing field of nanotechnology is likely to become yet another source for human exposures to nano-sized particles – engineered NP – by different routes, i.e., inhalation, ingestion, dermal or even injection. Nanotechnology is defined as research and technology development at the

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atomic, molecular or macromolecular levels, in the length scale of-1-100 nm range. One of the many promising applications of engineered nanoparticles (NP) is in the area of medicine, for example, targeted drug delivery as aerosols and to tissues which are difficult to reach. The discipline of nanomedicine has arisen to develop, test, and optimize these applications. However, the same properties that makes NP attractive for development in nanomedicine and for specific industrial processes could also prove deleterious when NP interact with cells. An emerging discipline -nanotoxicology, which can be defined as safety evaluation of engineered nanostructures and nanodevices - is gaining increased attention. Nanotoxicology research will not only provide information for risk assessment of NP based on data for hazard identification, dose response relationships and biokinetics, but will also help to advance further the field of nanomedicine by providing information to alter undesirable NP properties. Although potential adverse effects of engineered NP have not been systematically investigated, there are a number of studies in the area of inhalation toxicology and also human epidemiology from which some preliminary conclusions about effects of nano-sized particles can be drawn. There are also some decades-old – mostly forgotten – studies with nano-sized particles which shed light on the biokinetics of such particles once introduced into the organism. This presentation summarizes results of studies with nanosized particles with a focus on the respiratory tract and skin as portals-of-entry. Examples of translocation and effects of nano-sized particles and presumed mechanisms will be highlighted. They illustrate, on the one hand, that we need to be aware of possible acute adverse effects and potential long-term consequences; on the other hand, the findings also give us ideas about the intriguing possibilities that NP offer for potential use as diagnostic tools or as therapeutic delivery systems. A thorough evaluation of desirable vs. adverse effects is required for the safe use of engineered NP, and major challenges lie ahead to answer key questions of nanotoxicology, foremost being the assessment of human and environmental exposure, the identification of potential hazards (toxicity vs. benefit), and the biopersistence in cells and subcellular structures. Results so far demonstrate that the highly desirable properties of nanoparticles, which makes them attractive as medicinal aerosols, as well as their potential to induce toxicity, depend not only on their size but on a variety of surface properties. To establish the principles that govern interactions of nanomaterials with cells and the environment will be a major challenge for future research.

For the near-term, critics of nanotechnology point to the potential toxicity of new classes of nanosubstances that could adversely affect the stability of cell membranes or disturb the immune system when inhaled, digested or absorbed

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through the skin. Objective risk assessment can profit from the bulk of experience with long-known microscopic materials like carbon soot or asbestos fibres. Nanoparticles in the environment could potentially accumulate in the food chain.

An often cited worst-case scenario is "grey goo", a hypothetical substance into which the surface of the earth might be transformed by self-replicating nanobots running amok. This concept has been analyzed by Freitas in "Some Limits to Global Ecophagy by Biovorbus Nanoreplicators, with Public Policy Recommendations"

Societal risks from the use of nanotechnology have also been raised, such as hypothetical nanotech weapons (e.g., a nanomachine that consumed the rubber in tires would quickly disable many vehicles), and in the creation of undetectable surveillance capabilities.

Nanotechnofogy covers a wide range of industries, and therefore the potential benefits are also widespread. Telecommunications and Information technology could benefit in terms of faster computers and advanced data storage.

Healthcare could see improvements in skin care and protection, advanced pharmaceuticals, drug delivery systems, biocompatible materials, nerve and tissue repair, and cancer treatments.

Other industries benefits include catalysts, sensors and magnetic materials and devices.

G. Oberdorster, Rochester. NY, USA

II. Comment on the following statements:

«A thorough evaluation of desirable vs. adverse effects is required for the safe use of engineered NP …»

III. Answer the following question:

Which worries you more: potential benefits or potential risks of nanotechnology?

Cloze Test

I. Learn 100 terms connected with hi – tech. Be ready to pronounce them correctly and give their translations.

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II. Write an essay on the theme «Nanotechnology is coming. Should mankind welcome it?»

III. Present it to your groupmates.

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Module 6. ESP Grammar

Алгоритм чтения английского предложения

1.Определить, является ли данное предложение простым или сложным.

2.Разделить предложение на две части: на группу подлежащего и группу сказуемого. Граница между ними проходит перед глаголом в личной форме с явными глагольными признаками /наличие вспомогательных глаголов to be, to have, shall, will, модальных глаголов

иих эквивалентов/ или с омонимичными признаками /т.е. слова с суффиксами -ed,-ing,-s/.

3.Выделить глагол-сказуемое /установить наличие смысловых глаголов и вспомогательных глаголов.

4.Разделить группу сказуемого на глагол-сказуемое, дополнения и обстоятельства.

5.Определить подлежащее в группе подлежащего.

6.Выделить в группе подлежащего левосторонние и правосторонние определения.

7.Определить наличие оборотов /причастных, инфинитивных или герундиальных/.

8.Соотнести найденное подлежащее со сказуемым.

Ex. I. Analyse the following sentences according to the above given scheme.

Translate them:

Nanotechnology is any technology which exploits phenomena and structures that can only occur at the nano-meter scale, which is the scale of several atoms and small molecules.

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If the recipient, thinking the link is from a friend (a trusted sources) follows the link to the website, the virus hosted at the site may be able to infect this new computer and continue propagating.

The fact of great number of computer systems users means the definite risk to security because not all clients will carry out the requirements of its providing.

The lack of appropriate registration and control, low level of work and production personnel discipline, the access of an unauthorized person to the data base makes your computer vulnerable.

Информационная программа № 2. Алгоритм распознавания неявного сказуемого

1.Слово без окончания -s следует признать глаголом в Present Indefinite, если оно занимает второе место в предложении по отношению к подлежащему, которое выражено либо именем существительным во множественном числе, либо заменяющем его местоимением.

2.Слово с окончанием -s, -es является глаголом в форме Present Indefinite, если оно стоит после подлежащего, которое выражено

герундием, инфинитивом.

3. Слово с окончанием -ed следует признать сказуемым, выраженным глаголом в форме Past Indefinite, если оно занимает второе место в предложении по отношению к подлежащему. Справа от него обычно следует дополнение. Если же в предложении друг за другом следуют два слова с окончанием –ed, то сказуемым будет второе слово: all the instruments required arrived in time.

-s (-es)

1.Множественное число существительного

2.3 лицо ед. число Present Simple

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3.–‘s или -s‘ — притяжательный падеж существительного

4.Абсолютная форма притяжательного местоимения (ours, yours,

…)

5.В словах латинского и греческого происхождения, в которых –s

вконце слова не является показателем множественного числа (radiusрадиус, a series-ряд и т.п.)

-ed

1.Past Simple

2.Past Participle (3 форма глагола)

3.to be + Past Participle = Passive Voice

4.to have + Past Participle = Perfect Tense

Ex. I. Define the predicate in the following sentences. Translate the sentences:

l. The relations described explained some important results.

2.The collision of electrons with a plate results in heat.

3.Evaporating advances if we raise the temperature of water.

4.This forces a body to move in a definite direction.

5.The changed particles often pick up speed.

6.Adding more turns makes the magnetic field stronger.

7.This results in a further reduction in weight.

8.On being heated these salts decompose.

9.The experimental evidence supported the predicted properties of the new elements.

10.Pass a current through a coil and it turns.

11.Explain why the charged particles often pick up speed.

12.Тhе task set was not an easy one.

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13.The scientists spoken about at the last conference took part in the international congress of wave propagation problems.

14.The latest model now being tested accounts for many of the previously unknown phenomena.

15.The results obtained showed the stability of the system under conditions given above.

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Информационная программа №3. Страдательный залог

Особенности перевода английских страдательных оборотов

1.Координата S была отмечена знаком;

S – coordinate was given a sign. Координата S помечалась знаком; Координату S пометили знаком;

/им. вин. дат. предложн./

2. V Passive + предлог

R: предложное дополнение, предлог ставится перед подлежащим.

These measurements were referred to at the conference.

Об этих измерениях шла речь на конференции.

3. V Passive + by, with

R: отношение творительного, родит., пад.

The laboratory is equipped with automatic machinery.

Лаборатория оборудована автоматическими механизмами.

The conductor is acted upon by the field.

Проводник подвергается воздействию поля.

Ex. I. Translate the sentences paying attention to possible variants of translation.

1.Friction is affected by the degree of smoothness or roughness of the bearing surface.

2.Difficulties are often met with in solving the systems of automatic

control.

3.Scientists were offered to determine the composition of the new substance obtained.

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4.The collaboration of Russian and American space-scientists is much commented upon in many newspapers.

5.When molecules of even a good insulator are acted upon by an electric field there is a motion of electrons due to this field.

6.Colour television is being constantly developed.

7.A convenient graphical construction may be used to find the output components for any operation.

8.Prospects for colour TV and the use of space communication for colour and super-long-distance transmissions were spoken about at the scientist conference.

9.The last experimental results were constantly referred to by the professor in his lecture.

10.The success of exploration of the outer space is greatly influenced by the researches carried out by the space laboratories of the Salute type.

Ex. II. Choose the correct translation:

1. I was shown a recent article on radiowave propagation problems by my coworker.

a)Я показал моему коллеге последнюю статью по проблемам распространения радиоволн.

b)Мне показали последнюю статью моего коллеги по проблемам

распространения радиоволн.

c) Я показал последнюю статью моего коллеги по проблемам распространения радиоволн.

2. The devices must be sent for as soon as possible.

а) Приборы следует отправить как можно скорее. b) За приборами следует послать как можно скорее. c) Приборы следовало отправить как можно скорее.

3 John was answered by the telegram on the same day.

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