Методичка по английскому языку для ИТС (пр. С.С.Иванов)
.pdfпредотвращать, шпиндель задней бабки, шпиндель переднейбабки, вращающийся центр, хвостовик, неподвижный центр, нагревать, центрировать.
Make up as many questions as possible on the basis of the following sentences:
1. Metals have attained an important place in engineering practice. 2. The Introduction of this method will have led to a rapid increase of production in our country.
Write out of the text sentences illustrating the Absolute Participle Construction.
Form one sentence of each pair of sentences using Absolute Participle Construction. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. A piece of work has been delivered to the shop. The work was machined on the lathe. 2. The turner has got different measurements. The turner has to change the position of the dead centre. 3. The worker has turned a special screw in the tailstock. The worker removed the tailstock centre from the tailstock Spindle. 4. The point of the dead centre has been hardened. The point of the dead centre increased its wear resistance.
LESSON 3
Words to be remembered:
machine tool - станок, lathe - токарныйстанок, drilling machine -
сверлильныйстанок, milling machine - фрезерныйстанок, to fasten = to clamp - закреплять, lathe centre - токарныйцентр, cotter - резец, feed - подача, tool post - резцедержатель, carriage - каретка, gear - шестерня, bed - станина, headstock - передняябабка-tailstock - задняябабка, ways - направляющие, to chuck - зажимать в патроне.
Read the following words:
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important [ɪm'pɔːt(ə)nt], lathe [leɪð], kind [kaɪnd], fasten ['fɑːs(ə)n], axis ['æksɪs], mechanism ['mekənɪz(ə)m], automatic [ˌɔːtə'mætɪk], gear [gɪə], chuck [ʧʌk], properly ['prɔp(ə)lɪ].
Form all possible derivatives from verbs. Translate them:
to produce, to cut, to operate, to combine, to chuck, to rotate, to remove, to form, to perform, to reduce.
Grоup the synonyms:
to clamp, shape, different, form, to do, various, to fasten,to perform.
Give the three principal forms of the following verbs:
to be, to make, to become, to take, to design, to feed, to clamp, to mount, to have, to fit.
Lathes
The most important of machine tools used in industry are lathes, drilling machines and milling machines. Other kinds of metal-working machines are not so widely used in machining metals as these three.
A lathe is a machine tool for cutting metal from the surface of a round work fastened between the two lathe centres and turning around its axis. In turning the work a cutter moves in the direction parallel to the axis of rotation of the work or at an angle to this axis, cutting off the metal from the surface of the work. This movement of the cutter is called the feed. The cutter is clamped in the tool post which is mounted on the carriage. The carriage is the echanism feeding the cutter in the needed direction. The lathe hand may feed the cutter by hand or may make it be fed automatically by means of special gears.
The largest part of the lathe is called the bed on which the headstock and the tailstock are fastened at opposite ends. On the upper part of the bed there are special ways upon which the carriage and the tailstock slide.
The two lathe centres are mounted in two spindles: one (the live centre) is held in the headstock spindle while the other (the dead centre) - in the tailstock spindle. Not all works should be fastened between the two centres of the lathe. A short work may 6e turned without using the dead centre by simply chucking it properly at the spindle of the headstock.
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Comprehension.
1. What are the most important machine tools? 2. What is a lathe used for? 3. What is a round work fastened? 4. How does the cutter move in turning the work? 5. What is feed? 6. Where do we clamp the cutter? 7. How may the cutter be fed? 8. What is the largest part of the lathe? 9. Where are the two lathe centres mounted? 10. What are the principal parts of a lathe?
Form sentences using the following words.
1.are, to support, two, used, the work, lathe centres.
2.in order to, the tailstock spindle, to facilitate, is, measurements, graduated.
Use the following sentence in all the tenses.
These machines produce many kinds of works.
Change the verbs in the following sentences into passive form.
1. We fasten a round work between the two lathe centres. 2. To develop a new method of cutting metal we shall carry out several experiments. 3. People produced differe.it metals in different, ways.
Translate from English into Russian.
1. This machine-tool is much spoken about. 2. The quality of a metal product is influenced by almost every operation in its manufacture. 3. He was asked to show the first-year student the new equipment of the laboratory. 4. At the plant they will be shown the operation of various kinds of machine-tools.
Find the Participles in the text, define their form and function and translate into Russian.
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Translate the following sentences into Russian. Explain the use of the Participle Constructions.
1. The lathe chuck being used, the work rotates without wobbling. 2. New machines may have three or more heads, each having numerous spindles. 3. The metal being too hard, the drill could not work efficiently. 4. The automatic lathe is the logical development of the turret lathe, the general principles of both being the same.
Dialogue
-Can you remind me of the most important of machine tools?
-Certainly, I can. The most important of machine tools used in industry are lathes, drilling machines and milling machines.
-Could you tell me anything about the feed?
-Willingly. In turning the work a cutter moves in the direction parallel to the axis of rotation of the work. This movement of the cutter is called the feed.
-If I am not mistaken, the largest part of the lathe is called the bed on which the headstock and the tailstock are fastened at opposite ends.
-That's right, I quite agree with you.
LESSON4
Words to be remembered.
engine lathe - универсальныйтокарно-винторезныйстанок, bench lathe - верстачныйстанок, turret lathe - револьверныйстанок, chucking lathe - патронныйтокарныйстанок, cross-slide- поперечныйсуппорт,- to clamp - закреплять, feed mechanism - механизмподачи, bearing - подшипник, hollow shaft - пустотелыйвал, change gearbox - коробкапеременыскоростей
Read the following words:
engine ['enʤɪn], characteristic [ˌkærəktə'rɪstɪk], design [dɪ'zaɪn], turret ['tʌrɪt], power ['pauə], rigid ['rɪʤɪd], serve [sɜːv], support [sə'pɔːt], align [ə'laɪn], bearing ['bɛərɪŋ], mechanism ['mekənɪz(ə)m], actuate ['ækʧueɪt] .
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Choose antonymical groups out of the following list:
dead centre, regular, fasten, еаsу, difficult, live centre,unfasten, irregular, alignment, headstock, tailstock, disalignment.
Form adverbs from the following adjectives by adding "ly‖. Translate
them:
usual, easy, essential, accurate, expensive, immediate, perfect.
Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to "some" and "same".
1. This machine performs the same operations. 2. Some functions of the machine-tool are completely automatic. 3. Some lathes are reducing production time and cost on pump parts, motor and generator parts 4. Chucking pressures are the same at all positions.
Types of lathes. The engine lathe. (Part I)
There are different types of lathes according to their characteristic features and work for which they are designed, lathes of small sizes are termed bench lathes; lathes with tools held in a revolvable turret are called ―turret lathes‖ lathes In which workpieces are held in a chuck are known as "chucking lathes" and so on.
The engine lathe used for metal-turning operations is fitted with a poweractuated carriage and cross-slide for clamping and holding the cutting tool. The engine lathe consists of essentially of the following basic parts: the bed, the headstock, the tailstock, the feed mechanism and the carriage.
The bed is a rigid casting located longwise, with V-shaped ways formed upon them. It serves as a base to support and align the rest of the machine. The headstock is located at the lefthand side of the bed and carries a pair of bearings in which the spindle rotates. Many modern lathes have a motor built into the headstock with the spindle. The spindle is a steel hollow shaft with a taper bore for the insertion of the live centre on which the piece is placed. The
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other end of the work is supported by the dead centre. The nose of the spindle is accurately threaded for chucks to be screwed on it.
The chucks hold and revolve workpieces together with the spindle. The headstock also incorporates the change gearbox.
The change gearbox serves for running the lathe at different speeds.
Comprehension.
1. What types of lathes are mentioned in the text? 2. What kind of work is the bench lathe intended for? 3. What are turret lathes? 4. Why are some lathes termed chucking lathes? 5. What basic parts does the engine lathe consist of? 6. What is the function of the lathe bed? 7. Where is the headstock located? 6. What is a spindle?
Make up questions to which the underlined words are the answers.
1. In automatic lathe all tool movements are automatically controlled. 2. The carriage is a unit for mounting the tool. 3. The bed serves to support and alignthe rest of the machine. 4. The chucks hold and revolve workpieces together with the spindle.
Translate into Russian paying attention to the Gerunds. Define their function.
1. High-speed steel is used for manufacturing ordinary and form tools, milling cutters, etc. 2. Boring is the process of enlarging holes with boring tools which have been originated in workpieces. 3. In boring as in drilling either the work or the tool may be rotated and either the workor the tool may have a feed motion. 4. Vertical turret lathes and, especially, vertical turning and boring mills are widely employed in the heavy engineering industry for machining the parts of hydraulic turbines, generators, etc.
Make up a dialogue of your own using the following words and wordcombinations:
to my mind, no good idea, look here, I quite agree with you, bench lathe, turret lathe, chucking lathe, engine lathe, headstock, tailstock, feed mechanism.
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LESSON 5
Words to be remembered:
sleeve - втулка, tool shank - хвостовикинструмента, gear - шестерня, intermediate shaft - передаточныйвал, saddle - салазки, tool rest - верхнийсуппорт, apron - фартук, compound rest - крестовый /сложный/ суппорт, nut - гайка, tee slot - Т-образныйпаз, tool holder - резцедержатель.
Read the following words:
sleeve [sliːv], bore [bɔː], taper ['teɪpə], ease [iːz],graduate ['grædjueɪt], gear [gɪə], intermediate [ˌɪntə'miːdɪət], wall [wɔːl], nut [nʌt], adjust [ə'ʤʌst], screw [skruː], right [raɪt], anywhere ['enɪwɛə], hollow ['hɔləu], standard ['stændəd], engine ['enʤɪn].
Rearrange the following to form a predicate:
made have; be shall removing; have shall solved; will producing be; being is treated; called has been; used are; will be heated.
Translate into Russian.
1. The longer the stroke for a given number of strokes per minute, the higher the cutting speed. 2. The more rapid the rate of cooling, the harder will be the steel. 3. The smaller the diameter of the drill, the higher should be the speed.
Group the synonyms:
to use, a lot of, to clamp, bore, many, employ, many, amount, to fix, much, quantity, hole.
The engine lathe. (Part II)
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The tailstock is located at the right-hand side of the bed. It may be moved anywhere along the lathe bed and can be clamped in place at any point. The tailstock sleeve mounts a hollow spindle with a standard taper bore for holding the lathe centres or tapered tool shanks. The dead centre fits it a Morse taper hole in the sleeve. To facilitate measurement of the spindle travel the tailstock spindle is graduated.
The feed mechanism of the engine lathe is simple and easy to operate. It comprises a cone of gears, an intermediate shaft and a set of sliding gears.
The carriage is made up of two principal parts, one of which carries the saddle, which slides upon the bed and on which the cross-slide and the tool rest are mounted. The other part, termed
the apron, represents the front wall of the carriage. The cross-slide can move at right angles to the spindle axis.
0n the top of the saddle there is the compound rest for mounting the tool post. It is actuated by a screw which rotates in a nut fixed to the saddle. The tool post intended for holding the tool fits in a tee slot in the compound rest and the tool holder is adjusted and clamped by the tool post screw.
Comprehension.
1. What is the tailstock and where is it located? 2. Where does it fit? 3. For what purpose is the tailstock spindle graduated? 4. What is the feed mechanism? 5. Where are the cross-slide and the tool-rest mounted? 6. What is the apron? 7. Where is the compound rest located? 8. For what purpose is it used?
Form sentences using the following words.
1. rest, the tailstock, on, a lathe of, a saddle; 2. is mounted, on, the crossslide, the carriage. 3. by, the tool holder, is clamped, tool post screw. 4. a cone of gears, comprises, the feed mechanism, an, intermediate shaft, and.
Translate the following sentences with the predicates in the Passive form.
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1. Non-ferrous alloys have been grouped according to their dominant element. 2. The work has been countersunk with a combined drill. 3. The point of the dead centre has been hardened.
Read and translate the following sentences and analyse the ing-forms. Pay attention to the gerund phrases.
1. We heard of their having applied thermit welding to provide a nondetachable joining of two like metal pieces. 2. The readings of the voltmeter were correct. 3. Having been used for a long time the instrument partly lost its former efficiency.4. Chipping is the process of removing metal from a workpiece by -jeans of a cutting instrument such as a chiesel and a hammer. 5. We were informed of the lathe having been tested at the plant. 6. The commonest method of holding the work in the surface grinding machines is by means of a magnetic chuck.
LESSON 6
Words to be remembered:
centre lathe - центровойтокарныйстанок, turret — револьвернаяголовка, core drill - пустотелоесверло, reamer - развертка, positive stop - мертвыйупор, accuracy - точность, axis - ось, dimension -
размер, grade - градус, качество, сорт, simultaneously - одновременно.
Read the following words:
turret ['tʌrɪt], differ ['dɪfə], lathe [leɪð], engine ['enʤɪn], instead [ɪn'sted], expedient [ɪk'spiːdɪənt ], [ek-], considerable [kən'sɪd(ə)rəbl], core [kɔː], reamer ['riːmə], require [rɪ'kwaɪə], hexagon ['heksəgən], diameter [daɪ'æmɪtə],accuracy ['ækjərəsɪ], multiple ['mʌltɪpl], duplicate ['djuːplɪkət].
Group antonyms in pairs:
often, difficult, external, slowly, small, disadvantage, large, internal, seldom, easily, quickly, advantage.
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Translate the following sentences, observing different meanings of the underlined words.
1. There are different means of holding tools. 2. Chipping is performed by means of such instruments as a chisel and a hammer. 3. It means that you have to remove some more metal from the workpiece. 4. By no means should this chisel be used for this workpiece. 5. A chisel must by all means be applied for removing some metal from the workpiece.
Translate the following groups of words:
to measure, measuring, measured, measurement; to compare, compared, comparison; to depend, depending, dependence; dependent; accuracy, accurate; general, generally, generation.
Turret Lathe
Turret lathes differ from centre lathes and engine lathes in that they do not have a tailstock but have a turret instead, at the end opposite the spindle. The turret serves to hold cutting tools used in machining the work.
Turret lathes are expedient when a considerable number of different tools having axes aligned with the work axis (drills, core drills, reamers, etc.) are required for achining. They are also used for doing turning operations without making test cuts and measurements since the turrets (hexagon and square) are fed to preset positive stops. The machining possibilities of turret lathes are very extensive.
It is accepted that parts having length dimensions of the 4th or 5th grade of accuracy and external diameters of the 3rd or 4th grade of accuracy, can be economically machined on turret lathes.
The use of the multiple-tool holders on turret lathes enables them to take multiple cuts simultaneously.
The two main groups of turret lathes are those with vertical and those with horizontal axes of turret rotation.
Turret lathes of the first group with a turret indexing about a vertical axis, usually have a cross-slide carriage with a square turret similar to the type used
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