Методичка по английскому языку для ИТС (пр. С.С.Иванов)
.pdfTo adhere to -придерживаться
Cod-end- куток рыболовного трала
Conveyor beltтранспортер
Grammar
1.Find in the text sentences with
a)Independent Participle Construction
b)Gerund and Verbal noun
c)Modal verbs and constructions expressing modality
3. Torry-Hall Plate Freezing System
When each receiving trough is full, the fish are placed by hand into one of a series of vertical plate freezers for freezing into blocks. This arrangement, known as the Torry-Hall System, was developed after successful trials on the trawler ―Northern Wave‖ some years ago. For the version in the ―Lord Nelson‖, a block size of 42in. by 21in. by 4 in., weighing 90 lb(41kg) was selected as being the largest which could easily be handled in the frozen fish hold while at the same time preserving the convenient size of pound. The unit has six stations in two groups of three, each formed by four special multichannel extruded aluminium double-sided plates suspended vertically from their top edges on patent gas-tight trunnion connections. These plates provide contact of the evaporating refrigerant over nearly the whole surface area of the plates, thereby enabling a shorter freezing-cycle time to be used. Such' connections enable the plates to be hinged about the centreline of the
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trunnions and they can, therefore, move apart at the bottom to release the frozen fish blocks formed between them.
Refrigerant at -40°F. (~40°C.) flows through the channels formed in the plates from the inlet to the outlet trunnion connections for about 3,5 hours, each group of four plates being fed in parallel from manifolds into which the trunnions are inserted. The rectangular slots between the plates form the moulds or stations in which the fish blocks are frozen, and the bottoms of the stations are closed during the freezing cycle by bottom doors hinged into a horizontal position, one door for each group of three stations. Mechanical linkages between the bottom doors and the freezer plates secure the latter in their closed (parallel) position during the freezing cycle. At the end of the cycle, by which time the centre of the block should be below -5°F. (-21°C.), hot gas is passed through the freezer plates for two or three minutes to release them from the blocks and at the same time, the bottom doors are dropped into their open (vertical) position. This, through the linkages, moves the plates apart to release the blocks which drop onto nets in the frozen fish hold, from which they are removed for stowing. With the 16 freezers fitted there are 32 independent sections of three stations and based on a total cycle time of 3,5 hours, including the time required for filling, one section should be loaded every seven minutes; however, it is more likely that, in practice, groups of two or three sections will be loaded at longer intervals.
Notes
Poundзд. упаковка
Trunnion – цапфа, штырь, ось качания или поворота
Trunnion connectionосевое соединение
Mouldформа
Manifoldмагистраль
Stationместо, позиция
Move apartраздвигать .
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4. Frozen Fish Hold
The size of the frozen fish hold is sufficient to store approximately 2,350 kits (145 tons) actual frozen weight of gutted headless whole fish at -20°F. (- 29°C.) while the wet fish holds can accommodate about 2,700 kits (170 tons) of fish packed in ice at 32°F. (0°C). Cork insulation has been fitted in the frozen fish hold to a thickness varying from 11 in. (285 mm.) to 6 in. (155 mm.). In addition, the space left between the frames and beams and elsewhere by the cork have been filled with glass wool. The deckhead and certain other parts of the forward wet fish hold have also been heavily insulated to reduce the work involved should this hold be later converted into a part of the frozen fish hold. The cork is protected by a reinforced cement covering on the bottom and elsewhere by a watertight plastic Aquaseal compound which was painted afterwards with Tensulac aluminium paint. These materials were supplied by Berry Wiggips and Co., Ltd., London. Polyurethane foam has been used as the insulant for the lightweight loading doors and hatch plugs in conjunction with moulded glass-fibre frames.
After the fish blocks drop into nets after freezing they are taken by hand for stowage until the end of the voyage. Eventual discharging is by means of a paternoster-type continuous swing-tray elevator supplied by Webb Conveyors and Automation, Ltd., and which has a theoretical capacity of 12 blocks per minute. This elevator, with two loading stations in different heights, is housed in an electrically heated insulated trunk in the cold store which extends into the superstructure, where the blocks slide out through a heavy watertight steel door in the bridge front above the upperdeck, thus facilitating easy transport by chutes over the ship's side.
Designed to maintain a frozen fish hold • temperature of —20° F, the Hall Freon 12 refrigerating plant is fully automatic: the larger compressors have eight cylinders each of 7-in. (178 mm.) bore and 5,5 in.. (140mm.) stroke; and run at 750 r.p.m. Dry sumps are arranged with separate oil tanks from which special vane-type oil pumps draw the oil required for the forcedlubrication and suction-valve lifting systems. The smaller compressor has six cylinders of 3,5in. (95 mm.) bore and, 3-in. (76 mm.) stroke and operates at
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1,500 r.p.m. This machine is normally run only after freezing is finished to maintain the frozen fish hold temperature during the homeward voyage. The condensers are of the conventional shell and tube type with steel shells.
Notes
Kitкомплект
Deckheadподволока
Polyurethane foam-пенополиуретан
Plugзаглушка
Chute-лоток, желоб
Vane type oil pumpлопастной насос для смазки
Sumpотстойник
shell and tube condenserкожухотрубный конденсатор
Grammar
Find in the passages 3 and 4 sentences containing verbs Should and Would and analyze them.
5. Deck Machinery and Steering Gear
Apart from the trawl winch previously mentioned the vessel is equipped with a Gemmel and Frow docking winch and an anchor windlass supplied by A.S. Bremerhaven. The streamlined and balanced spade-type rudder is operated by an electro-hydraulic rotary-vane steering gear. The section of the rudder stock
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between the rudder and operating gear is protected against corrosion by specially designed stainless steel bushes.
6. Accommodation and Navigation Arrangements
Although it is intended to operate the vessel with a crew of 24 to 26 men, 32 berths have been arranged in addition to which there is a two-berth sick-bay and a spare bunk in the second engineer's cabin, so that ample reserve is available. A particularly high standard of comfort has been achieved and a Thermotank air heating system is arranged for each cabin.
In common with most modern trawlers, the " Lord Nelson " is equipped with a comprehensive range of navigating and fishing aids and these include the following:—
Bloctube control pedestal incorporating an electrically
operated engine-room telegraph and the propeller pitch control.
Two Kelvin Hughes magnetic compasses.
Anschutz gyro compass with auto pilot, course recorder and separate repeaters.
Marconi radar and radio installation comprising:
Radiolocator IVA True Motion radar with radar track indicator.
Globesman telegraphy/telephony transmitter with two Atalanta receivers.
Argonaut V.H.F. transmitter. Gannet II telephony transmitter and Guardian receiver with direction indicator.
Lodestar automatic direction finder with compass stabilization.
Mimco sound reproducing equipment for entertainment, intercommunication for trawling operations, etc.
Fishgraph model-E echo sounder with black-line device and two projectors.
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Seagraph II echo sounder. Fishscope echo sounder for sea bed inspection.
Lifesaving equipment installed includes a J. Samuel White and Co., glassfibre reinforced plastics lifeboat. This may be launched on either side of the vessel by one of two Schat single-arm davits.
7. Machinery Installation
Propulsion is by a Mirrlees Monarch type-ALSDM6 six-cylinder turbocharged, direct reversing, four-stroke engine developing 2,000 b.h.p. continuously when running at 250 r.p.m. This unit is directly coupled to a Liaaen three-bladed, controllable-pitch stainless steel propeller; a description of its design and operation appeared in the July issue of The Motor Ship. Features of the main engine include limit stops to maintain rotational speed between 250 r.p.m. and 185 r.p.m. a Bryce Berger, E-size fuel pump and V- type injectors.
Built on to the intermediate shafting is a double generator unit (280 kW. and 260 kW.), designed to supply D.C. current for the winch motor and ship's auxiliary services respectively at speeds varying from 250 r.p.m. to 185 r.p.m.
Aft of the shaft generator units is the servo-mechanism for the controllablepitch propeller which was manufactured under licence by Theodor Zeise of Hamburg. The servo-unit is bridge-controlled through a Bloctube mechanical linkage though an engine-room control is also provided for emergency and port use. There are two auxiliary generator units comprising Mirrleess type-TLAS naturally aspirated three-cylinder engines rated continuously at 157 b.h.p. at 600 r.p.m. and each coupled to a McClure 105-kW., 220-volt D.C. generator. The 'harbour duty generator is driven by a McLaren type-M4 four-cylinder engine continuously rated at 63 b.h.p. at 750 r.p.m. All the generator units are connected through a Siemens-Schuckert dead-front switchboard and, under normal steaming and fishing operations, the entire
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ship's service power is supplied by the self-exciting shaft-driven units which are provided with voltage control for variations in shaft speed.
For emergency propulsion in the event of main engine failure, the two Mirrlees engine-driven generators are arranged to run in series, driving back on to the shaft-driven trawl-winch generator which then becomes motorized. As a normal winch generator, this unit has an output of 400 volts, 725 amp. and 290 kW. though as an emergency propulsion motor, the rating is 450 volts, 460 amp. and 190 kW.
Notes
Bushвкладыш
Bunkкойка
Davitшлюпбалка
Dead-front switchboardраспределительный щит с закрытыми токоведущими частями
8. Anticipated Increase in Catches
The " Lord Nelson " was built at a cost of £450,000, this probably being the highest price paid so far in Great Britain for a strictly trawling vessel. This would compare with an estimated figure of £300,000 for a starboard-side fishing trawler of about 200 ft. in length. It is stressed, however, that this vessel has been built with the intention of obtaining practical experience with stern trawlers and freezing techniques and it is hoped that the estimated 33% increase in catches together with an anticipated higher-quality fish, will fully justify the investment.
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Automation reliability in Australian ships
Sir,-I should like to offer the following comments based on our experience of automated main propulsion systems over the past years in both steam and motor ships. These comments are made in the light of continuous association with automated systems that date from the planning of the ―Bass Trader‖ which entered service in April 1961.
The equipment installed has generally fulfilled expectations and justified the additional expenditure, despite early development problems having been encountered in some cases. We have found equipment installed during the last five years has been extremely reliable but the most common defects , amongst the relatively few encountered, have been associated with the malfunctioning of pressure or temperature sensing devices.
In several cases, we have found that the secondary and consequential effects of breakdown failures have been minimised or completely avoided due to the immediate actuation of automatic protection equipment. While this has not been reflected in reduced maintenance costs, it has been a significant factor , in such cases, in avoiding extremely costly delays in our voyage schedules.
We do not regard data loggers as an essential component of an automated system, particularly if an alarm print-out is provided. However, data sheets can be of value in assessing the adequacy of maintenance procedures and in evaluating performance characteristics. Simplicity should be achieved as is practicable. In this context , we consider that the multi-engined installation , particularly when associated with electric power generation by the main engines , offers distinct benefits. Electronic controls have proved to be at least as reliable as pneumatic, particularly since our operations personnel have become more familiar with the required maintenance and repair techniques. In this regard , special training courses in marine electronics sponsored by The Australian National Line have made a significant contribution in the operation of such equipment in our fleet.
Improved cargo handing techniques have led to quicker turn-round times in port , which , in turn , have necessitated placing a greater volume of in the
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hands of shore-based contractors, often during hours which incur high penalty rates. Automation has assisted in off-setting the resultant additional costs by releasing engine-room personnel from routine watch-keeping duties and enabling the shipboard maintenance effort to be improved. Hull maintenance has been adversely influenced by reduced manning scales but this can be countered in part by the selection of higher quality protective coatings and improved methods of applying them.
We encounter very few problems in the maintenance of automated systems and a major factor in this is made by introducing standard package designs at the earliest practicable stage. The UMS concept is, in our experience , a fully practical and reliable proposition . We now have in service installations ranging from 2000 hp to 26000hp, both direct-coupled and multi-engined, and reliability factors are in no way inferior to comparable installations operated by traditional watch-keeping methods.
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Module 2. Chemical matters
SPECIALITIES AT THE FACULTY OF PHYSICS
AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
The faculty of Physics and Chemical Engineering is one of the oldest faculties of Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University named after R. E. Alexeyev. There are six departments at the faculty now. These are:
Biotechnology, Physical and Analytical Chemistry.
Organic Chemistry and Structure of Substance.
Physics and Technology of Electronic Materials and Components.
Technology of Electrochemical Processes.
General and Inorganic Chemistry.
Industrial Safety and Ecological Engineering.
The Faculty of Physics and Chemical Engineering trains the students in four basic specialities: ―Chemical Engineering‖, ―Electronics and Nanoelectronics‖, ―Biotechnology‖ and ―Technosphere Safety‖.
All the departments of the faculty are headed by doctors of sciences, professors. Along with training specialists, the scientists of the faculty carry out intensive research work. The range of scientific problems is wide and multifunctional: scientific bases development for technological processes of producing a number of organic compounds; methods of application of different metal coatings; development of new and improvement of existing systems of chemical power supplies; medical devices; differe5nt approaches for products analysis; technological processes development for producing printed plates, integrated circuits and many others. There is a post-graduate course and a doctorate at the faculty.
For many years, the faculty was known as Chemico-Technological, as the basic scientific direction and the students‘ specialization was Technology of
Electrochemical Processes. Now it is one of the two specializations of Chemical Engineering Speciality.
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