- •The 2 branches of Grammar, their interconnection. Links of Grammar with other branches of Linguistics.
- •Hierarchic structure of language. Segmental and supra-segmental levels.
- •The plane of content and the plane of expression. Polysemy, homonymy, synonymy. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. Language and speech.
- •4. Notion of the morpheme. Types of morpheme. Suffixes and inflexions. Types of word-form derivation.
- •Morpheme
- •In the tradition of the English school, grammatical inflexions are commonly referred to as suffixes.
- •Distributional analysis in studying morphemes. Types of distribution. Distributional morpheme types. Morphemic structure of the word
- •Allo-emic theory
- •On the basis of the degree of self-dependence
- •Ex: handful, hand – free morpheme, ful – a bound morpheme On the basis of formal presentation
- •On the basis of the segmental relation
- •On the basis of grammatical alternation
- •On the basis of linear characteristic
- •6. Grammatical meaning, form, categories.
- •9. Textual Grammar
- •3 Basic assumptions of textual grammar:
- •3 Types of them:
- •10. Parts of Speech. The criteria applied in discriminating parts of speech. The problem of notional and structural parts of speech.
- •11. The field-theory approach to parts-of-speech classification. Classification of parts of speech in English. Ch. Fries’s classification.
- •12. The noun as a part of speech. The problem of the category of gender.
- •Ilyish: The Noun in me has only 2 grammatical categories: number & case. The existence of case appears to be doubtful & has to be carefully analyzed.
- •13. The category of number of the noun.
- •14. The problem of the category of case of the noun. Different case theories.
- •15. The article.
- •Is the article a word or a morpheme?
- •The door opened and the young man came in./The door opened and a young man came in.
- •16. The adjective. Degrees of comparison. Substantivization of adjectives. Adjectivization of nouns.
- •18.The Verb as a part of speech. Classifications of the verb.
- •19. The category of aspect of the verb
- •E.G. We heard the leaves above our heads rustling in the wind.
- •Transposition
- •E.G. Miss Tillings said you were always talking as if it had been some funny business about me.
- •In the expressions of anticipated future (reverse transposition)
- •20. Composite sentence.
- •Compound sentence.
- •21. The Principal Parts of the Sentence: The Subject and the Predicate. Types of Predicate.
- •Compound
- •22. The Adverb and the Structural Parts Of Speech: Prepositions, Conjunctions, Particles, Modal Words, Interjections.
- •1) Nominal
- •2) Pronominal
- •25. The category of tense of the verb. The problem of perfect forms.
- •26. The Complex Sentence.
- •27. The category of mood of the verb
- •28. The Category of Voice
- •29. The Phrase, its definition. H. Sweet’s, e. Kruisinga’s, and o. Jespersen’s theories of the phrase.
- •3) Subordination implies the relation of head-word and adjunct-word. But there are degrees of subordination.
- •32. Notion of the sentence. Classification of sentences. Types of sentences.
- •34. The secondary parts of the sentence
- •35. Participle 2
In the tradition of the English school, grammatical inflexions are commonly referred to as suffixes.
The morphemic composition of modern English words has a wide range of varieties; in the lexicon of everyday speech the preferable morphemic types of stems are root-stems (one-root stems or two-root stems) and one-affix stems. Two “open” grammatical suffixes are used only with some plural nouns in the poss essive case: the children’s toys, the oxen’s yokes).
The abstract complete morphemic model of the common English word is the following :
Prefix + root + lexical suffix + grammatical suffix
The syntagmatic connections of the morphemes within the model form two types of hierarchical structure.
The first is characterized by the original prefixal stem
W1 = {[Pr + (R + L)] +Gr}
Word structure = {[ Prefix + ( Root + Lexical suffix) + Grammatical suffix}
Ex: prefabricated
The second is characterized by he original suffixal stem
W2 = {[(Pr +R) +L] + Gr}
Ex: inheritors
Distributional analysis in studying morphemes. Types of distribution. Distributional morpheme types. Morphemic structure of the word
Study based upon 2 criteria:
Positional (analysis of the location of the marginal morphemes in relation to the central ones)
Semantic (functional) (study of the correlative contribution of the morpheme to the general meaning of the word)
Allo-emic theory
Put forward by Descriptive Linguistics
Lingual units can be described as
Allo-terms (concrete manifestations of variants of the eme-terms) allophones, allomorphs
Eme-terms (denote the generalized, invariant units of language characterized by a certain functional status, phonemes, morphemes, applied in practice only to phonemes and morphemes
Allo-emic identification of lingual elements forms the basis for the so-called “distributional analysis”.
The aim of the distributional analysis is to study the units of language in relation to the adjoining elements in the text.
Distribution – the contextual environment of a language unit.
The distribution of a unit may be defined as the total of all its environments; in other words, the distribution of a unit is its environment in generalized terms of classes or categories.
In the distributional analysis at the morphemic level, phonemic distribution of morphemes and morphemic distribution of morphemes are discriminated. The study is conducted in 2 stages.
The analysed text (i.e. the collected lingual materials, or “corpus”) is divided into recurrent segments consisting of phonemes. These segments are called “morphs”, i.e. morphemic units distributionally uncharacterized.
The environment features of the morphs are established and the corresponding identifications are effected.
Types of distribution:
Contrastive |
Non-contrastive |
Complementary |
Identical environments of different morphs |
Different environments of formally different morphs |
|
Function is different Such morphs constitute different morphemes Returned // returning // returns |
Function is identical. Such morphs constitute “free alternants” or “free variants” of the same morpheme
Learned – learnt Genies - genii
|
1 and the same function. Such morphs are considered to be the allomorphs of the same morpheme
Children / toys / data |
As a result of the application of distributional analysis to the morphemic level, different types of morphemes have been discriminated which can be called the “distributional morpheme types”. This classification supplements the traditional classification of morphemes.
We can arrange morpheme types in pairs of immediate correlation.