- •The 2 branches of Grammar, their interconnection. Links of Grammar with other branches of Linguistics.
- •Hierarchic structure of language. Segmental and supra-segmental levels.
- •The plane of content and the plane of expression. Polysemy, homonymy, synonymy. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. Language and speech.
- •4. Notion of the morpheme. Types of morpheme. Suffixes and inflexions. Types of word-form derivation.
- •Morpheme
- •In the tradition of the English school, grammatical inflexions are commonly referred to as suffixes.
- •Distributional analysis in studying morphemes. Types of distribution. Distributional morpheme types. Morphemic structure of the word
- •Allo-emic theory
- •On the basis of the degree of self-dependence
- •Ex: handful, hand – free morpheme, ful – a bound morpheme On the basis of formal presentation
- •On the basis of the segmental relation
- •On the basis of grammatical alternation
- •On the basis of linear characteristic
- •6. Grammatical meaning, form, categories.
- •9. Textual Grammar
- •3 Basic assumptions of textual grammar:
- •3 Types of them:
- •10. Parts of Speech. The criteria applied in discriminating parts of speech. The problem of notional and structural parts of speech.
- •11. The field-theory approach to parts-of-speech classification. Classification of parts of speech in English. Ch. Fries’s classification.
- •12. The noun as a part of speech. The problem of the category of gender.
- •Ilyish: The Noun in me has only 2 grammatical categories: number & case. The existence of case appears to be doubtful & has to be carefully analyzed.
- •13. The category of number of the noun.
- •14. The problem of the category of case of the noun. Different case theories.
- •15. The article.
- •Is the article a word or a morpheme?
- •The door opened and the young man came in./The door opened and a young man came in.
- •16. The adjective. Degrees of comparison. Substantivization of adjectives. Adjectivization of nouns.
- •18.The Verb as a part of speech. Classifications of the verb.
- •19. The category of aspect of the verb
- •E.G. We heard the leaves above our heads rustling in the wind.
- •Transposition
- •E.G. Miss Tillings said you were always talking as if it had been some funny business about me.
- •In the expressions of anticipated future (reverse transposition)
- •20. Composite sentence.
- •Compound sentence.
- •21. The Principal Parts of the Sentence: The Subject and the Predicate. Types of Predicate.
- •Compound
- •22. The Adverb and the Structural Parts Of Speech: Prepositions, Conjunctions, Particles, Modal Words, Interjections.
- •1) Nominal
- •2) Pronominal
- •25. The category of tense of the verb. The problem of perfect forms.
- •26. The Complex Sentence.
- •27. The category of mood of the verb
- •28. The Category of Voice
- •29. The Phrase, its definition. H. Sweet’s, e. Kruisinga’s, and o. Jespersen’s theories of the phrase.
- •3) Subordination implies the relation of head-word and adjunct-word. But there are degrees of subordination.
- •32. Notion of the sentence. Classification of sentences. Types of sentences.
- •34. The secondary parts of the sentence
- •35. Participle 2
Compound
Verbal
Modal
Aspective (phasal verb + verbal part)
Nominal (a link verb + predicative: it sounds mad)
+ double (full notional v + nominal part: the moon rose red)
+ phraseological (he gave her the last look - we can modify or introduce elements in between)
If you read Ilyish further on, you’ll find out that it’s not as easy as it seems! Discrepancies and questions he dwells on:
(PS: Ilyish and Strelkova don’t agree upon some items. Unfortunately.)
COMPOUND VERBAL PREDICATE
1. Wish, want, desire, hate, fear, begin, continue..+inf -????
1) compound verbal predicate. The finite verb denotes the subject’s attitude to the action expressed by the following inf. The argument is based on purely semantic reasons => not relevant from the grammatical point of view
2) a phrase. Began his work = began to work – objects. it’s a separate secondary part of the sentence. Preferable!!
Shall, will, should, would + infinitive that constitute tense or mood forms – simple verbal predicate as it’s a form of a verb
Can, must, may, ought + inf - compound verbal predicate
2. Sentences containing idioms “verb+noun” - make a mistake, have a look
1) a phrase – phraseological unit, it can’t be divided into 2 parts of the sentence => 1 part of the sentence, predicate (discrepancy with Strelkova)
2) such phraseological phenomena belong to the sphere of lexocology => irrelevant for grammar (can’t say: what does he make? Mistakes.)
3. Phrasal verbs can be analysed as:
1) compound predicate
2) combination of the predicate + secondary part
COMPOUND NOMINAL PREDICATE
A link v + predicative. How to recognize the link verb? Only the meaning of the noun following the verb shows whether the noun is predicative or object.
If a verb is followed by a predicative - it’s a link
She married young – double predicate
22. The Adverb and the Structural Parts Of Speech: Prepositions, Conjunctions, Particles, Modal Words, Interjections.
the brown Blokh 220-229; Ilyish pages 146-166 + 31-34; the blue Blokh 228-230, 238-243 – там умные мысли умных людей про наречие, которые я предпочту проигнорировать в этом билете.
ADVERB
Since the adverb does denote qualifications of the second order, not of the first one like the adjective, it includes a great number of semantically weakened words which are in fact intermediate between notional and functional lexemes by their status and often display features of pronominal nature. It’s the least self-dependent of all the 4 notional parts of speech. Still it’s characterized by its own, specific nominative value.
Traditional definition: The adverb - a word expressing either property of an action, or property of another property, or circumstances in which an action occurs. This definition fails to point out the relation between the adverb and the adjective as the primary qualifying part of speech.
Blokh: the adverb - a notional word expressing a non-substantive property, that is, a property of a non-substantive referent.
In accord with their categorial semantics adverbs are characterized by a combinability with verbs, adjectives and words of adverbial nature. The functions of adverbs in these combinations consist in expressing different adverbial modifiers. Adverbs can also refer to whole situations; in this function they are considered under the heading of "situation-determinants".
Adverbs acc to their Word-building structure
simple (here, there, then, quite, so…)
derived (suffix –ly, -ways, -wise, -wards; prefix a-)
Among the adverbs there are also peculiar composite formations and phrasal formations of prepositional, conjunctional and other types: sometimes, at least, to and fro, etc.
Adverbs are commonly divided into (brown Bloh 226)
qualitative - express immediate, inherently non-graded qualities of actions and other qualities. -ly
quantitative- words of degree (of high degree: very, quite; of excessive degree: too, awfully; of unexpected degree: surprisingly; of moderate degree: relatively; of low degree: a little; of approximate degree: almost; of optimal degree: adequately; of inadequate degree: unbearably; of under-degree/ hardly.)
circumstantial.
- functional - syntactic connectives and question-forming functionals now, here, when, where, so, thus, how, why,
- notional "orientative" adverbs: adverbs of time {today, never, shortly) and adverbs of place (homeward(s), near, ashore)
Classification of the whole class of Adverbs (brown Blokh 227)