- •The 2 branches of Grammar, their interconnection. Links of Grammar with other branches of Linguistics.
- •Hierarchic structure of language. Segmental and supra-segmental levels.
- •The plane of content and the plane of expression. Polysemy, homonymy, synonymy. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. Language and speech.
- •4. Notion of the morpheme. Types of morpheme. Suffixes and inflexions. Types of word-form derivation.
- •Morpheme
- •In the tradition of the English school, grammatical inflexions are commonly referred to as suffixes.
- •Distributional analysis in studying morphemes. Types of distribution. Distributional morpheme types. Morphemic structure of the word
- •Allo-emic theory
- •On the basis of the degree of self-dependence
- •Ex: handful, hand – free morpheme, ful – a bound morpheme On the basis of formal presentation
- •On the basis of the segmental relation
- •On the basis of grammatical alternation
- •On the basis of linear characteristic
- •6. Grammatical meaning, form, categories.
- •9. Textual Grammar
- •3 Basic assumptions of textual grammar:
- •3 Types of them:
- •10. Parts of Speech. The criteria applied in discriminating parts of speech. The problem of notional and structural parts of speech.
- •11. The field-theory approach to parts-of-speech classification. Classification of parts of speech in English. Ch. Fries’s classification.
- •12. The noun as a part of speech. The problem of the category of gender.
- •Ilyish: The Noun in me has only 2 grammatical categories: number & case. The existence of case appears to be doubtful & has to be carefully analyzed.
- •13. The category of number of the noun.
- •14. The problem of the category of case of the noun. Different case theories.
- •15. The article.
- •Is the article a word or a morpheme?
- •The door opened and the young man came in./The door opened and a young man came in.
- •16. The adjective. Degrees of comparison. Substantivization of adjectives. Adjectivization of nouns.
- •18.The Verb as a part of speech. Classifications of the verb.
- •19. The category of aspect of the verb
- •E.G. We heard the leaves above our heads rustling in the wind.
- •Transposition
- •E.G. Miss Tillings said you were always talking as if it had been some funny business about me.
- •In the expressions of anticipated future (reverse transposition)
- •20. Composite sentence.
- •Compound sentence.
- •21. The Principal Parts of the Sentence: The Subject and the Predicate. Types of Predicate.
- •Compound
- •22. The Adverb and the Structural Parts Of Speech: Prepositions, Conjunctions, Particles, Modal Words, Interjections.
- •1) Nominal
- •2) Pronominal
- •25. The category of tense of the verb. The problem of perfect forms.
- •26. The Complex Sentence.
- •27. The category of mood of the verb
- •28. The Category of Voice
- •29. The Phrase, its definition. H. Sweet’s, e. Kruisinga’s, and o. Jespersen’s theories of the phrase.
- •3) Subordination implies the relation of head-word and adjunct-word. But there are degrees of subordination.
- •32. Notion of the sentence. Classification of sentences. Types of sentences.
- •34. The secondary parts of the sentence
- •35. Participle 2
18.The Verb as a part of speech. Classifications of the verb.
Выбирайте кому что больше понравиться, хотя я думаю, что все одинаково хорошо
• Вариант 1
A notional part of speech (meaning – process, action, a quality of an object that develops in time e.g. to walk/a dynamic verb, a verb of movement – to consist/ a static action, relevant for some time period);
The function of the predicate in the sentence due to its semantics;
Combinability (with adverbs, nouns, prepositions, another verb, adjectives);
Stem-building elements (simple - look, derived - mobilize, compound - whitewash, composite – put up);
A highly developed system of forms. Traditionally: 1) the category of person, 2) the category of number, 3) the category of tense, 4) the category of voice, 5) category of aspect, 6) the category of mood. Some linguists establish the category of time correlation, the category of perfectiveness, the category of posteriority, the category of finitude.
Classification of verbs:
finites – non-finites
regular – irregular
notional – semi-notional (auxiliary, link and modal verbs)
e.g. The girl is reading. The room is large. The soup tastes delicious. The trousers have grown short. We needn’t have opened the door. We didn’t need to open the door.
transitive – intransitive
Primary meaning – transitive (I’m reading)
Primary meaning – intransitive (He walks his dog every evening)
It’s difficult to say which meaning is primary (The weather changes. The Dean changed the timetable)
terminative – non-terminative (durative – non-durative)
e.g. close, shut, put, take – sleep, walk, love, live
e.g. We are building a cottage – We have built a cottage.
• Вариант 2:
The verb as a part of speech. Classification of verbs.
Verb is a part of speech with grammatical meaning of process, action. Verb performs the central role of the predicative function of the sentence.
Verb is a very complex part of speech and first of all because of it’s various subcalss division.
If we admit the existance of the category of finitude as Prof.Blokh does that we’re divide all the verbs into 2 large sets: the finite set and non-finite set.
They are profoundly defferent from each other. Here we will talk about the finite verbs. As we have said the general processual meaning is in the semantics of all the verbs including those denoting states, forms of existance and combinability. It mainly combines with nouns and with adverbs. Syntactical function is that of the predicate, because the finite verb expresses the processual categorial features of predication that is time, voice, aspect and mood. Verbs are characterized by specific forms of word-building. The stems may be simple ex: go, take, read. Sound replacive: food-feed, blood-bleed. Stress replacive ex;Import-impOrt
The composite verb stems ex:to black mail.
According to their semantic structure the finite verbs are divided into:
-notional which possess full lexical meaning
-seminotional – they have very general faded lexical meaning
a.auxiliary verbs-they perform purely grammatical function
b.modal verbs-they express relational meaning, ability, obligation and so on.
auxiliary – no lexical meaning, only grammatical //do, be
c.link verbs-introducing predicative which is expressed by noun,adj,phrase (to seem)
Here we’re to mention of the existance of the notional link verbs, this are verbs which have the power to perform the function of link verbs and they preserve their lexical value. Ex:The Moon rose red. Due to the double syntactic character, the hole predicate is reffered to as a double predicate (a predicate of double orientation)
Notional verbs-the 1-st categorization on the basis of the subject process relation. The verbs are divided into actional and statal.
Actional-express the action, performed by the subject (do,act,make)
Statal verbs-they denote the state of their subject (be,stand,know)
This criteria apply to more specific subsets of words:ex: The verbs of mental process, here we observe the verbs of mental perception and activity, sensual process (see-look)
The 2-nd categorization is baised on the aspective characteristic. Two aspective subclasses of verbs should be recognized in English limitive (close,arrive) and unlimitive (behave,move). The basis of this division is the idea of a processual limit. That is some border point beyond which the process doesn’t exist.
The 3-rd categorization is based on the combining power of the verbs. The combing power of words in relation to other words in syntactically subordinate positions is called their syntactic valency. Syntactic valency may be obligatory & optional.The obligatory adjuncts are called complements and optional adjuncts are called supplements. According as verbs have or don’t have the power to take complements, the notional words should classed as complimentive (transitive and intransitive)or uncomplimentive (personal and impersonal)
Terminative – denote actions which can’t develop beyond a certain limit (to stand up, to sit down, to come, to take).Non-terminative – have no limit (to love, to sit, to work, to walk)