- •The 2 branches of Grammar, their interconnection. Links of Grammar with other branches of Linguistics.
- •Hierarchic structure of language. Segmental and supra-segmental levels.
- •The plane of content and the plane of expression. Polysemy, homonymy, synonymy. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. Language and speech.
- •4. Notion of the morpheme. Types of morpheme. Suffixes and inflexions. Types of word-form derivation.
- •Morpheme
- •In the tradition of the English school, grammatical inflexions are commonly referred to as suffixes.
- •Distributional analysis in studying morphemes. Types of distribution. Distributional morpheme types. Morphemic structure of the word
- •Allo-emic theory
- •On the basis of the degree of self-dependence
- •Ex: handful, hand – free morpheme, ful – a bound morpheme On the basis of formal presentation
- •On the basis of the segmental relation
- •On the basis of grammatical alternation
- •On the basis of linear characteristic
- •6. Grammatical meaning, form, categories.
- •9. Textual Grammar
- •3 Basic assumptions of textual grammar:
- •3 Types of them:
- •10. Parts of Speech. The criteria applied in discriminating parts of speech. The problem of notional and structural parts of speech.
- •11. The field-theory approach to parts-of-speech classification. Classification of parts of speech in English. Ch. Fries’s classification.
- •12. The noun as a part of speech. The problem of the category of gender.
- •Ilyish: The Noun in me has only 2 grammatical categories: number & case. The existence of case appears to be doubtful & has to be carefully analyzed.
- •13. The category of number of the noun.
- •14. The problem of the category of case of the noun. Different case theories.
- •15. The article.
- •Is the article a word or a morpheme?
- •The door opened and the young man came in./The door opened and a young man came in.
- •16. The adjective. Degrees of comparison. Substantivization of adjectives. Adjectivization of nouns.
- •18.The Verb as a part of speech. Classifications of the verb.
- •19. The category of aspect of the verb
- •E.G. We heard the leaves above our heads rustling in the wind.
- •Transposition
- •E.G. Miss Tillings said you were always talking as if it had been some funny business about me.
- •In the expressions of anticipated future (reverse transposition)
- •20. Composite sentence.
- •Compound sentence.
- •21. The Principal Parts of the Sentence: The Subject and the Predicate. Types of Predicate.
- •Compound
- •22. The Adverb and the Structural Parts Of Speech: Prepositions, Conjunctions, Particles, Modal Words, Interjections.
- •1) Nominal
- •2) Pronominal
- •25. The category of tense of the verb. The problem of perfect forms.
- •26. The Complex Sentence.
- •27. The category of mood of the verb
- •28. The Category of Voice
- •29. The Phrase, its definition. H. Sweet’s, e. Kruisinga’s, and o. Jespersen’s theories of the phrase.
- •3) Subordination implies the relation of head-word and adjunct-word. But there are degrees of subordination.
- •32. Notion of the sentence. Classification of sentences. Types of sentences.
- •34. The secondary parts of the sentence
- •35. Participle 2
14. The problem of the category of case of the noun. Different case theories.
Ilyish:Case is the category of a noun expressing relations between the thing denoted by the noun and other things, or properties, or actions, and manifested by some formal sign in the noun itself (e.g. inflection, zero-morpheme).
The problem of case in ME nouns is one of the most vexed (disputed) problems in English grammar. The views on the subject differ widely.
Views:The number of approaches is due to a difference in the interpretation of the category of case.LIMITED CASE THEORY: Prof.Ilyish doesn’t recognize any case expressed by non-morphological means preposition + Noun is not a case form English nouns have 2 cases: common case (e.g. father) and genitive case (e.g. father’s); H.Sweet, O.Jespersen, prof.Smirnitsky, prof.Barhudarov.
POSITIONAL CASE THEORY: The number of cases in English is more than 2 (3, 4, 5 …); the case may be expressed by prepositions or by word order;
Max Deutschbein: ME nouns have 4 cases:
nominative; genitive (-‘s; of…); dative (to…; word order); accusative (word order).
I.I.Meshchaninov:
+ instrumental case (e.g. with the pen);
+ locative case (e.g. in the pen)
John Lyons: Nominative, e.g. Bill died.Accusative, e.g. John killed Bill.Dative, e.g. John gave the book to Tom. John gave Tom the book.Genitive, e.g. It’s Harry’s pencil.Instrumental, e.g. John killed Bill with a knife.Agentive, e.g. Bill was killed by John with a knife.Commitative, e.g. John went to town with Mary.
Bryant:nominative,genitive,objective
Curme: PREPOSITIONAL CASE THEORY – there are as many cases as there are prepositions (e.g. of Peter, to peter, with Peter…etc)
The category of case has been destroyed The theory of possessive postposition (prof.Vorontsova). There are no cases in English nouns at all, e.g. Smith and Brown’s office (the office belonging to both Smith and Brown). The man I saw yesterday’s son – “noun + attributive clause + -‘s). views:
-when –‘s belongs to a noun it is still the genitive ending, when it belongs to a phrase it tends to become a syntactical element, a postposition;
-since –‘s can belong to a phrase it is no longer a case inflection even when it belongs to a single noun;
-the -‘s when belonging to a noun, no longer expresses a case, but a new grammatical category of ‘possession”.
!!! Weak point: 94% -‘s is added to single nouns and the function is always “attribute”.
Хаймович/Роговская
The category of case of nouns is the system of opposemes (girl-girl’s) showing the relations of the noun to other words in speech.
Case is one of those categories which show the close connection (a) between language and speech, (b) between morphology and syntax.
a.the members of the case opposeme John-John’s are united paradigmatically on the basis of their syntagmatic differences.
b.Though case is a morphological category it has a distinct syntactical significance. Common case the functions of subject and object; possessive case the function of an attribute.
Падеж
4 трактовки выделения падежей в англ яз
1) Падеж, по Генри Свиту, определяется как морфологическая категория:
Общий the Commom Case
Притяжательные Possesive Case
2) Выделение 5 падежей на основе латинской грамматики, однако Отто Есперсон считал выделение падежей на основе значений (как в латинском) неправомерно. По его мнению, и это уже 3) Выделение падежей нерелевантно для англ.яз, их вообще нет
4) Выделение аналитических падежей в англ яз в противовес формальным падежам синтетических языков, и тогда падежей в англ столько – сколько существует сочетаний сущ с предлогом.
5) (бонусный) Структуралисты(Фриз) говорили, что падежи надо выделять на основе субституции и всего их 3: общий (he), притяж ( his), обьектный (him).
Общих критериев для выделения падежей не нашлось. Общий п. выступает практически во всех функциях, в том числе и в синтаксич ф-и препозитивного определения
Критерии-интерпретации притяжательного падежа разные : 1) противоречие в том, что форма притяж п может означать разные типы значений; 2) у него ограниченное функционирование (а – лексическое, только с одуш, б – позиционное, сущ в препозии к др сущ John’s book); 3) отсутствие маркированности во множ числе (кроме как в письменном виде)