- •The 2 branches of Grammar, their interconnection. Links of Grammar with other branches of Linguistics.
- •Hierarchic structure of language. Segmental and supra-segmental levels.
- •The plane of content and the plane of expression. Polysemy, homonymy, synonymy. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. Language and speech.
- •4. Notion of the morpheme. Types of morpheme. Suffixes and inflexions. Types of word-form derivation.
- •Morpheme
- •In the tradition of the English school, grammatical inflexions are commonly referred to as suffixes.
- •Distributional analysis in studying morphemes. Types of distribution. Distributional morpheme types. Morphemic structure of the word
- •Allo-emic theory
- •On the basis of the degree of self-dependence
- •Ex: handful, hand – free morpheme, ful – a bound morpheme On the basis of formal presentation
- •On the basis of the segmental relation
- •On the basis of grammatical alternation
- •On the basis of linear characteristic
- •6. Grammatical meaning, form, categories.
- •9. Textual Grammar
- •3 Basic assumptions of textual grammar:
- •3 Types of them:
- •10. Parts of Speech. The criteria applied in discriminating parts of speech. The problem of notional and structural parts of speech.
- •11. The field-theory approach to parts-of-speech classification. Classification of parts of speech in English. Ch. Fries’s classification.
- •12. The noun as a part of speech. The problem of the category of gender.
- •Ilyish: The Noun in me has only 2 grammatical categories: number & case. The existence of case appears to be doubtful & has to be carefully analyzed.
- •13. The category of number of the noun.
- •14. The problem of the category of case of the noun. Different case theories.
- •15. The article.
- •Is the article a word or a morpheme?
- •The door opened and the young man came in./The door opened and a young man came in.
- •16. The adjective. Degrees of comparison. Substantivization of adjectives. Adjectivization of nouns.
- •18.The Verb as a part of speech. Classifications of the verb.
- •19. The category of aspect of the verb
- •E.G. We heard the leaves above our heads rustling in the wind.
- •Transposition
- •E.G. Miss Tillings said you were always talking as if it had been some funny business about me.
- •In the expressions of anticipated future (reverse transposition)
- •20. Composite sentence.
- •Compound sentence.
- •21. The Principal Parts of the Sentence: The Subject and the Predicate. Types of Predicate.
- •Compound
- •22. The Adverb and the Structural Parts Of Speech: Prepositions, Conjunctions, Particles, Modal Words, Interjections.
- •1) Nominal
- •2) Pronominal
- •25. The category of tense of the verb. The problem of perfect forms.
- •26. The Complex Sentence.
- •27. The category of mood of the verb
- •28. The Category of Voice
- •29. The Phrase, its definition. H. Sweet’s, e. Kruisinga’s, and o. Jespersen’s theories of the phrase.
- •3) Subordination implies the relation of head-word and adjunct-word. But there are degrees of subordination.
- •32. Notion of the sentence. Classification of sentences. Types of sentences.
- •34. The secondary parts of the sentence
- •35. Participle 2
26. The Complex Sentence.
The Complex Sentence is a polypredicative construction built up in the principle of subordination.
It is derived from two or more base sentences one of which-the matrix base (the principal clause) and the insert sentence (subordinative clause)
The C.S. of minimal composition includes two clauses-the principal (which positionally dominates) and subordinative.
The subordinate clause is joined to the principal clause either by a subordinative connector (subordinator) or with clauses, asyndetically(zero-subordainator).
Classification:
Complex sentence.
According to the functional principle we distinguish object, attributive, adverbial clauses, etc.(subordinative clauses are to be classed on the analogy of the positional parts of the simple sentence that underlines the essential structure of the complex sentence)
According to the categorial principle subordinate clauses are divided into 3 categorial semantic groups by their inherent nominative propeties irrespective their immediate positional relations in the sentence:
substantive-nominal (name event as a certain fact)
e.g. When we met is of no consequence now (What is of no consequence now?)
qualification-nominal( name event as a certain fact, giving a characteristic to some substantive entity)
e.g. The day when we met is unforgettable(which day?)
adverbial( make event nomination into a dynamic relation characteristics of another event or a process or a quality of various descriptions)
The two classifications are mutually complementary:
- clauses of primary nominal positions
subject clause-regularly expresses the themeat the upper level of the actual division of the complex sentence .The equivalent subj-clausal function can be expressed by the cinstruction with anticipatory IT.
predicative clause-perfoms the function of the nominal part of the predicate, part adjoining the linj- verb(mostly BE, seem, look).Introduced by conj. that, as if etc.
object clause- denotes an obj. situation of the process expressed by the verbal constituent of the principal clause. Discriminates 3 types of backgrounds:1) an immediately substantive 2) adverbial 3) general event
- clauses of secondary nominal positions (attributive clauses)
descriptive-exposes the characteristics of the refent
ordinary descriptive
continuative descriptive
restrictive(limiting)-purely identifying role, singling out the referent of the antecedent in the situation.
- clauses of adverbial positions
time,
place
direct
transferred
manner
comparison
factual
speculative
circumstantial
attendant circumstances
contrastive/non-contrastive
immediate circumstances
factual
speculative
parenthetical(incertive)
introductory
deviational
According to the degree of self-dependence of clauses complex sentences are divided into monolythic and segregative sentence structures. Monolythic complex sentences are based on obligatory subordinative connections of clauses, whereas segregative complex sentences are based on optional subordinative connections.
Monolythic complex sentences:
1) merger complex sentences, i.e. sentences with subject and predicative subordinate clauses, where the subordinate clause is fused with the principal one.
E.g. The trouble is we are to change our plans.
2) valency monolyth complexes, whose subordinate clauses are dependent on the obligatory right-hand valency of the verb in the principal clause. Here belong sentences with object clauses and valency-determined adverbial clauses.
E.g. I think a man like that is a real artist. – I think -…
e.g. Put the book where it belongs. – Put the book - …
3) correlation monolyth complexes, which are based on subordinate correlations. Complex sentences with restrictive subordinate clauses are included into this subtype.
E.g. The girl played the piano with such feeling as you had never experienced.
4) arrangement monolyth complexes, whose obligatory connection between the principal and subordinate clauses is determined only by the linear order of clausal positions.
E.g. If you refused her present, it would upset her.
The connection between the clauses is obligatory. Rearrangement of clausal positions turns the connection between the clauses into optional. It would upset her if you refused her present. – It would upset her.
The connection between the subordinate clauses can be parallel (homogeneous, heterogeneous) and consecutive (direct and oblique)