Compound sentence.

Compound sent. is a composite sent. built on the principle of coordination which can be expressed either syndetically or asyndetically.

Compound sentence is derived from two or more base sent. which lose their independent status and become coordinate clauses. The first clause is leading the successive are sequential.

The coordinating connectors (simple, discontinuous: and, but, either…or) are divided into conjunctions proper and semi-functional clausal connectors of adverbial character( then, yet, however, so).

Semantic relations	Types of connection
	unmarked	marked
Copulative (соединительный)	Time passed, (and) she came to no conclusion.	I neither played any records, nor the guests asked me to.
Enumerative	The sky was dark, (and) the air was damp, (and) the streets were wet.	---
Causal (причинный)	We cannot go upstairs, we are too tired.	We cannot go upstairs, for we are too tired.
Resultative (consequential)(косвенный)	The breeze was fresh, (and) the yacht sailed on well.	The breeze was fresh, so the yacht sailed on well.
Adversative (противительный)	---	It was early afternoon, but it was very dark outside.
Disjunctive (разделительный)	---	Either you travel as a gentleman, or you travel alone.

Number of co-clauses is unlimited.Common type- 2 clause type.

More than 2 clauses:

• open (copulative, enumerative)-used as descriptive means in a literary text

• closed (final clause is joined on the equal/unequal base to the leading cl.)-some kind of finalization of the expressed chain of ideas.If the preceding construction was asyndetic such clause is joined with and or but.

21. The Principal Parts of the Sentence: The Subject and the Predicate. Types of Predicate.

There’s almost nothing in the brown Blokh, so don’t even look up there. There’s a tiny bit in Iofic as well, but don’t waste your time for that. Use mostly Ilyish pages 198-211. The blue Blokh is also quite useful – pages 317-320 don’t read the rest! Not sure about the lectures as I don’t have all of them.

A kind of an introduction

The description of the sentence parts is usu based upon

1)semantic criteria (sometimes it doesn’t work: Her hobby is her work = her work is her hobby)

2) syntactic criteria (like word order)

+ is supplemented by the correlation of sentence parts and parts of speech.

Why are they main parts? (Ilyish 198 in the middle)

-constitute the backbone of the sentence

-sec parts serve to define/modify them

-can’t be removed from the sentence

SUBJECT

Definition (Ilyish 199 the upper part): 1) the main part

2) denotes thing whose action/characteristic is expressed by the predicate

3) not dependent

4) is expressed by…

Classification of subjects by Hill A. (blueBlokh 317)

He speaks about a process called selection. The subject is linked to the verb by this process (it actually looks very much like agreement or concord, not sure if it’s the same). On its basis he defines 2 types: subject and subjectival.

Subject is what selects the form of the verb. A boy plays the game.

Subjectival don’t affect the verb form. Here comes! Which is? Which are? What does?

The term selection means that a gender-bearing noun or pronoun requires the [-z] suffix in any verbal situation where that suffix is possible, and it’s this requirement which identifies a noun or pronoun as subject.

Sentence elements made up of nominals and pronominals which occur in preverbal position but which do not effect the verb form are to be defined as subjectivals.

Classification by Strelkova from the last year:

Subject:

1. Formal

   • Demonstrative (It’s Jane)

   • Emphatic (it was I who…)

   • Introductory (it’s impossible to deny…)

   • Impersonal (nature phenomena, weather conditions, time and distance)

   • There +comp.nom.predicate (there is…)

2. Personal

PREDICATE

Definition by Ilyish (199 lower part):

1. main part

2. action/property of the thing

3. not dependent

4. varied ways of expressing: a finite verb, phrases….

Classification by Hill (319 Bloh)

Predicate:

1. predicator – that sentence element whose form is selected by the subject

2. predictival - doesn’t depend on the subject (the window being open…; open the window!)

Classification by Ilyish (200):

• Structural classif. (simple and compound)

• Morphological class. (verbal and nominal)

Classification by Strelkova

1. Simple

• Verbal

• Nominal (she sixteen! – impossibility/irreality of idea)

• Phraseological (he takes care of me – you can’t put anything in between)