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  1. The 2 branches of Grammar, their interconnection. Links of Grammar with other branches of Linguistics.

The two major branches of Grammar are Morphology (studies words) and Syntax (studies phrases and sentences). These definitions are based on the assumption that we can clearly distinguish between words and phrases. Of course, with ‘indestructibility’ and ‘came here’ it is true, but what with ‘has been found’ or ‘has been often found’? It can be both. It may be said that, in a way, morphology is more abstract than S, as it does not study connections between words actually used together in sentences, but connections between forms actually found in different sentences and extracted from their natural surroundings. In another way, however, M would appear to be less abstract than S, as it studies units of a smaller and a more compact kind.

The relation between M and S is not so simple. In this view we ought to distinguish between 2 angles of research: 1) The elements dealt with – M and S; 2) The way these elements are studied; from this view we distinguish between paradigmatic and syntagmatic study. Thus we have four divisions.

paradigmatic morphology (is what we used to call morphology)

syntagmatic morphology (the study of phrases: verbs + adverb, adj+substantive, etc.).

paradigmatic syntax-is a part of grammatical theory which deals with such phenomena.

Ex: My friend has come//My friend hasn’t come//Has my friend come?

All these are considered as variations of one and the same sentence, reveals how a sentence can be modified.

syntagmatic syntax (is what we used to call syntax).

Grammar is connected with stylistics: some structures are synonymous, the choice depends on the situation/style Read the text – Will you read the text, please – You read the text

Grammar is connected with lexicology. (no structure is devoid of lexical meaning) Ex: colour-colours. The number of noun is the sphere of grammar, but here we see the process of acquiring a new meaning of word ‘colours’ (flags) and this is in the domain of lexicology.

Grammar is connected with phonetics: intonation, stress…

  1. Hierarchic structure of language. Segmental and supra-segmental levels.

Language incorporates 3 constituent parts. They are the phonological system, the lexical system and the grammatical system. The phonological system determines the material (phonetic) form of its significative units; the lexical system is the whole set of nominative means of language (words and stable word-groups); the grammatical system is the whole set of regularities determining the combination of nominative units in the formation of utterances.

Units of language are divided into segmental and suprasegmental. Segmental units consist of phonemes; they form phonemic strings of various status (syllables, morphemes, words). Suprasegmental units do not exist by themselves, but are realized together with segmental units and express different modificational meanings. To the suprasegmental units belong intonations (intonation colours, accents, pauses, patterns of word-order).

The segmental units of language form a hierarchy of levels.

Prof. Blokh M.Y. differentiates 6 levels:

  1. The lowest level is phonemic - the level of phonemes, which have no meaning and the function of which is purely differential. (e.g. fun, sun, bun, pun, run).

  2. The level above the phonemic one is the morphemic level. The morpheme is the elementary meaningful part of the word. Morphemes have the significative meanings and are used as constituents of words. e.g. do – doing (progress); book – books (Pl)

  3. The third level is lexemic. It names things and their relations. The words (lexemes) are nominative units of language.

  4. The next level is phrasemic. Combinations of two or more notional words belong to this level. Notional phrases may be of a stable type (phraseological units) form the phraseological part of the lexicon and of a free type - they are built up in the process of speech on the existing productive models.

  5. Above this we find the proposemic level, i. e. the level of the sentence - ‘polynomination’ (naming a certain situation or situational event). Sentences express predication, i.e. show the relation of the denoted event to reality.

  6. The sixth level is dictemic. The dicteme is an elementary topical segmental unit of the continual text. So it is a combination of sentences forming a textual unity. The syntactic process by which sentences are connected into textual unities is analyzed under the heading of “cumulation”. Cumulation, the same as formation of composite sentences can be both syndetic and asyndetic.

Areas lying in between the levels: According to Pr. Hall

-phonotactics (the sequences of phonemes (syllables));

-morphotactics (or the sequences of morphemes; e.g. ‘has been’);

-logotactics (between the word and phrase (and clause)).

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