- •Participle I
- •§ 129. Participle I is a non-finite form of the verb with some adjectival and adverbial features. It is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the verb.
- •Forms of participle I
- •Participle II
- •Voice peculiarities of participle II
- •§ 143. Participle II of transitive verbs, when it is not part of a perfect form, is always passive in meaning.
- •Participle as predicative:
- •Participle as attribute
- •Practice
- •Compare the following pairs:
- •Open the brackets using the correct form of the Participle.
- •Participle as adverbial modifier
- •§ 133. All four forms of participle I can function as adverbial modifiers of different semantic types (time, reason, manner, attendant circumstances and sometimes condition, concession, comparison).
- •Practice
- •Practice
- •Practice
- •§ 133. As an adverbial of comparison the participle is always preceded by the conjunction as if, as though:
- •Practice
- •Practice
- •Participle as parenthesis
- •Revision
- •The objective participial construction with participle I
- •§ 137. Participle I may function as part of a predicative construction, entering into a predicative relationship with some nominal element and forming a syntactical unit with it.
- •Notes: infinitive or participle I?
- •Prepositional absolute participial construction with participle I
- •§ 152. The prepositional absolute construction with participle II.
- •Revision
- •Test yourself
- •I. Choose the correct participle.
- •II. Replace the Infinitive in brackets by the appropriate form of the Participle.
- •III. State the function of the Participle.
- •IV. Rewrite the sentences using participles.
- •V. Translate into English.
- •Supplement
- •Russian Equivalents of Participles Used as Attributes [Drozdova p330] active
- •Passive
- •Compare
- •Russian Equivalents of Participles Used as Adverbial Modifiers[Drozdova p331]
- •Bibliography
Practice
[Murphy Unit 67]
Exercise 1. Join a sentence from Box A with one from Box B to make one sentence. Use an ~ing clause.
A
1. Carol was in the bar
2. Emma was sitting in an armchair.
3. Sue got home late.
4. Sarah went out.
5. Linda was in London for two years.
6. Mary walked round the town.
B
She was feeling very tired.
She looked at the sights and took
photographs.
She said she would be back in an hour.
She was reading a book.
She Was having a drink.
She worked as a tourist guide.
1. Carol was in the bar having a drink.
2. Emma was sitting ---
3. Sue ---
4 ---
5. ---
6. ---
Exercise 2. Make one sentence from two using a non-perfect participle:
1. Jim was playing tennis. He hurt his arm. – Jim hurt; his arm playing tennis.
2. I was watching television. I fell asleep. I ---
3. The man slipped. He was getting off a bus. The man ---
4. I was walking home in the rain. I got wet. I ---
5. Margaret was driving to work yesterday. She had an accident. ---
6. Two firemen were overcome by smoke. They were trying to put out the fire. ---
Exercise 3. Make one sentence from two using a perfect participle:
-
She finished her work. Then she went home.
_Having finished her work, she went home._
2. We bought our tickets. Then we went into the theatre.
3. They continued their journey after they’d had dinner.
4. After Lucy had done all her shopping, she went for a cup of coffee.
Exercise 4. Make one sentence from two using a non-perfect or perfect participle
(like those in Section D):
MODEL: I felt tired. So I went to bed early.
- Feeling tired I went to bed early.
1. I felt tired. So I went to bed early.
2. I thought they might be hungry. So I offered them something to eat.
3. She is a foreigner. So she needs a visa to stay in this country.
4. I didn’t know his address. So I wasn’t able to contact him.
5. Sarah has travelled a lot. So she knows a lot about other countries.
6. The man wasn’t able to understand English. So he didn’t know what I wanted.
7. We had spent nearly all our money. So we couldn’t afford to stay in a hotel.
Exercise 5. What happened? [Verbals p.59ex11]
Rewrite the sentences using a participle, without changing the meaning. Remember to use having + past participle when necessary.
MODEL: John Samson bought the old house in Borley because he didn't know about the ghosts. John Samson bought the old house in Borley not knowing about the ghosts.
Because she had fallen in love with Harold, Mary wanted to marry him.
Having fallen in love with Harold, Mary wanted to marry him.
-
Because she knew that her father would not allow her to marry Harold, Mary planned to run away.
-
Because he had overheard their plans, Boyson locked Mary in her room.
-
After she had found out the truth, Mary hanged herself.
-
When he found his daughter dead, Boyson realized he had done a terrible thing.
-
Because he heard a strange noise, Samson looked to see what it was.
-
After he had searched all the rooms, he went back into the bedroom.
-
Because he didn't find anything, he got into bed again.
-
As he was very tired, he soon fell asleep.
-
Because he had forgotten to put out his cigarette, he started a fire.
-
Since it was made of wood, the old house was soon burnt to the ground.
ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF ATTENDANT CIRCUMSTANCES AND MANNER
[Kobrina ]
The meaning of attendant circumstances is considered to be the main grammatical meaning of non-perfect participle I. Participle I denotes some action or event parallel to the action or state denoted by the main verb.
Deb was silent, fidgeting with the spoon in her saucer.
I laughed, and still laughing turned away eastward.
Participle I as an adverbial modifier of manner is akin to an adverbial of attendant circumstances. The difference consists in the fact that an adverbial modifier of manner characterizes the action of the finite verb, whereas that of attendant circumstances denotes a parallel action or event.
He came in limping (jumping).
He came in carrying a big parcel.