CONTENTS
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PARTICIPLE I ……………………………………………………………………. 2
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PARTICIPLE II …………………………………………………………………… 6
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FUNCTIONS …………………………………………………………………… 10
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PREDICATIVE …………………………………………………………………… 11
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ATTRIBUTE …………………………………………………………………….. 13
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ADVERBIAL MODIFIER ………………………………………………………. 22
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PARENTHESIS …………………………………………………………………. 34
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THE OBJECTIVE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION…………………………… 37
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THE NOMINANAT1VE ABSOLUTE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTIONS …. 46
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TEST YOURSELF………………………………………………………………… 50
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SUPPLEMENT …………………………………………………………………… 52
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BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………………….. 58
Participle I
[Kobrina]
§ 129. Participle I is a non-finite form of the verb with some adjectival and adverbial features. It is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the verb.
Participle I has a double nature: it combines the features of the verb and the adjective or adverb.
The verbal character of participle I is of two kinds:
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Morphological: Like a verb it has categories of voice and correlation (perfect)
taking/being taken;
taking/having taken
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Syntactical: It possesses the verb combinability. It may combine:
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with a noun or a pronoun as direct, indirect or prepositional object;
Seeing Jane, I rushed to greet her.
We didn’t utter a word while listening to the story.
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with an adverb or a prepositional phrase as an adverbial modifier;
Rising early, you’ll make your days longer.
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with a noun or adjective as a predicative.
Being absent-minded, he went into the wrong room.
Participle I is used as a pure verb form in the formation of the continuous aspect forms.
The adjectival and adverbial features of participle I are manifested in its syntactical functions as
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an attribute
He saw a boy playing in the yard. [Verbals p.52]
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an adverbial modifier.
Having cured his patient of a serious disease, the doctor was happy. [Verbals p.52]
Some participles border on adjectives when used as attributes or predicatives, and have qualitative adjectives as synonyms; for example amusing-funny, boring-dull, deafening (very) loud. There are even some deverbal adjectives that have completely lost their verbal meaning, for example interesting, charming.
When they lose their verbal character, participles may be modified by adverbs of degree used with adjectives, such as very, so, too, as in very (greatly, exceedingly, etc.) amusing, too boring, most exciting.
Like an adjective, participle I forms adverbs with the suffix -ly: laughingly, jokingly, surprisingly, admiringly, appealingly, feelingly.
Forms of participle I
[Kobrina ]
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Correlation- voice |
active |
passive |
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Non-perfect |
Going Taking |
- Being taken |
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perfect |
Having gone Having taken |
- Having been taken |
The category of correlation in participle I finds its expression in the contrast of the non-perfect and perfect forms.
The non-perfect form suggests that the action denoted by participle I is simultaneous with that of the finite verb. Thus the time-reference of the action expressed by participle I can be understood only from the context.
|
Learning foreign languages |
you know your native tongue better. I used to begin my day with repeating new words. you will learn a lot about your native tongue. |
The perfect form of participle I indicates that the action denoted by the participle is prior to that denoted by the finite verb.
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Having learnt the elements of English |
I shall start upon French. our students start upon French or German. we started upon French. |
Like that of the other non-finites, the perfect form of participle I invariably expresses priority, whereas non-perfect participle I varies in its meaning according to the context, expressing either a prior or a simultaneous or a posterior action.
Non-perfect participle I regularly expresses:
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immediate priority and denotes an instantaneous action if it is formed from terminative verbs, such as verbs of motion (to come, to enter, to arrive, to turn, to leave), of sense perception (to see, to hear, to find) and verbs of certain specific actions associated with motion (to put, to put on, to take, to take off, to seize, to grasp, to open).
Arriving at the station, he found his train gone.
Hearing a noise in the garden, I looked out of the window.
Taking off our shoes, we tiptoed into the nursery.
The
perfect participle of the same verbs is used when there is a lapse of
time between the two actions, or when the action denoted by the
participle is durative.
Compare the following examples:
Seeing Jane, I rushed to greet her.
But: Having seen tine girl only once, I didn’t recognize her.
Not having seen her for a long time, I didn’t recognize her.
Sometimes the perfect participle is used to emphasize priority.
Compare these examples:
Her husband, finding the right key, fits it into the lock of the bureau.
Having found the place he sought, Bateman sent in his card to the manager.
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Non-perfect participle I may denote a posterior action, immediately following the first action, forming its part or being its result, as in:
Lizzy left the room, banging the door shut.
John fell, hurting his knee.
As seen from the above examples non-perfect participle I denoting a prior action usually precedes the predicate verb. When it denotes a posterior action, it stands always after the predicate verb. In both cases it corresponds to the Russian perfective adverbial participle (деепричастие) (приехав, повернув, услышав, сняв, поднявшись, найдя, хлопнув, вернувшись).
PRACTICE
Ex. 1 Study the forms of Participle I and the way they are rendered in Russian. [Verbals p.57 Ex. 1]
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Non-perfect* |
1. He listened in, lying on the sofa. 2. Arriving in Minsk we went sightseeing at once. 3. She went out closing the door behind her. |
1. Он слушал радио, лежа на диване. 2. Приехав в Минск, мы сразу же отправились осматривать город. 3. Она вышла, закрыв за собой дверь. |
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Non-perfect |
4. They went along the path leading to the river. 5. A crowd of children watched the house being painted. |
4. Они шли по тропинке, ведущей к реке. 5. Толпа детей наблюдала, как красили дом. |
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Perfect |
6. Having packed my things I went to call a taxi. 7. Having been examined** by the doctor, they were allowed to join the sports club. |
6. Упаковав вещи, я пошел вызывать такси. 7. После того как их осмотрел врач, им разрешили вступить в спортивный клуб. |
* Participle I, non-perfect form, may denote an action simultaneous to that expressed by the finite form of the verb (№ 1), closely preceding it (№ 2) and following it (№ 3).
** Participle I, perfect form, passive, is rather uncommon.
Ex.2 State the form of Participle I. Translate the sentences. [Verbals p.57 Ex.2]
a) 1.Alex was by a window, looking out at the city’s lights, when Marget returned. 2. His cough had slackened but his nose was still running. Otherwise he did not grumble, he lay there being read to, at times apathetic. 3. Having eaten cold beef, pickled walnut, gooseberry tart, they walked into the park. 4. He was not very good at gardening, having been brought up with a back yard and a few sinking geraniums. 5. She stepped forward, smiling. 6. Having said that Jolyon was ashamed.
b) 1. When going home I met my brother. 2. He sat in the armchair reading a newspaper. 3. The rising sun was hidden by the clouds. 4. Knowing English well he translated the article without a dictionary. 5. Your offer is surprising. 6. He stopped payments for the Atlantic Monthly Press, saying that its financial state was none of his business. 7. She shivered with fright as if realizing the danger. 8. Strictly speaking, this is illegal. 9. He heard her coming up the stairs, heard her moving along the hallway. 10. A man without a smiling face must not open a shop. 11. He raised his eyes, looked at her as though peering over the top of spectacles. 12. Jack had a beautiful old house in Queen Anne Street, and being a man of taste he had furnitured it perfectly. 13. Having lived in Minsk for many years he knew that city very well.
Ex. 3 Give all possible forms of Participle I of the following verbs: [Verbals p.57 Ex.3]
To come, to cover, to read, to write, to look, to wait, to ring, to think, to sleep, to go, to laugh, to give.
Ex. 4 Choose the right form of Participle I (Perfect or non-perfect)
1. Seeing/having seen a shadow, she screamed.
3. Feeling /having felt shy Laura didn't talk to Ben.
4.Seing/Having seen the film before. 1 decided to stay at home.
5.Taking/having taken his Master's degree, he applied for a job.
6. Hearing/having heard the news, she fainted.
7.Doing/having done her homework, she watched TV.
8.He broke his arm playing/having played hockey.
9. Being/having been late, Adam took a taxi.
10.Spending/having spent all her money, Pam asked for a loan.
Ex.5 Open the brackets using the correct form of Participle I. Translate the sentences into Russian. [Verbals p.59 Ex.10]
1. She sat in a comfortable armchair (to smoke) a cigarette. 2. (to put) aside the newspaper she raised her eyes at me. 3. We watched the delegation (to show) into the hall. 4. (to visit) the museum before, I knew my way easily. 5. (to rise), the secretary put down the newspaper. 6. (to stop) before the traffic lights, he saw to his surprise it was almost 8 o’clock. 7. (to work) as a taxi-driver for 20 years, he knew every little corner of the town. 8. The house (to build) at the corner of the street will be a library.
Ex.6 Paraphrase the parts in bold type using Participle I (passive form). [Verbals p.59 Ex.12]
1. The experiment which is being made in our laboratory will be very important for our future work. 2. The letter was written in pencil, it was difficult to read. 3. They looked at the house which was being built on the other side of the river. 4. As he was not allowed to read, he mostly spent his time listening to the radio. 5. He asked for additional explanation as he was not satisfied with the answer.
Ex.7 Translate the sentences into English, using Participle I. [Verbals p.59-62 Ex.14]
1. Будьте осторожны, пересекая улицу.
2. Написав сочинение, она начала готовить другое задание.
3. Студенты, не уделяющие достаточно внимания грамматике, никогда не овладеют английским языком.
4. Заметив меня, она остановилась.
5. Сбежав с лестницы, она остановилась на мгновение, как бы колеблясь, в каком направлении пойти.
6. Объяснив все подробно, он спокойно сел на свое место.
7. Очутившись одна на улице, она сразу пожалела о том, что случилось.
8. Схватив сына на руки, Элиза бросилась бежать.
9. Молодой человек, стоявший у окна, внимательно посмотрел на меня.
10. Проводив сына, они медленно возвращались с вокзала.
11. Театры Ист-Энда часто ставят пьесы, затрагивающие многие современные проблемы.
12. Утопающий за соломинку хватается.